How sharing of findings affects practice Essay

Serious case reviews and inquiries are required to identify how, when and why a child has died from abuse or neglect. These reviews identify the way in which organisations and local professionals have worked both together and separately to safeguard, protect and promote the welfare of children and young people. These reviews also help to identify how these organisations could have worked better to ensure that this doesn’t happen again to another child. Victoria Climbie was born 2nd November 1991. She was brought to the UK in 1999 by her aunty, who the authorities thought was her mother, when she was 8 years old. She suffered 128 injuries from being beaten with sharp and blunt instruments and after Victoria’s post mortem was carried out, her cause of death was found to be hypothermia brought on by malnourishment and living in a damp environment with restricted movement. Victoria’s Aunty was arrested at the hospital on 25th February 2000 on suspicion of neglect. Victoria had been a part of multi agency child protection plan and had visited and been visited by multiple hospitals, social services teams, police and churches before her death on 25th February 2000 at just 8 years and 3 months old. All agencies involved were too willing to listen to her Aunties stories of incontinence, possession and behavioural problems. The social services teams didn’t even follow up a disclosure of sexual abuse towards Victoria with an investigation after her Aunty retracted the allegations she had made towards her partner. All agencies seemed very trusting of Victoria’s Aunty who was reinforced by her presentation and behaviour. She co-operated with meetings and visits from professionals, initiated communication with professionals and even responded positively to offers of help. After Victoria’s death all agencies that were a part of her short life within the UK were looked into and were found to be lacking in organisation, thoroughness and insufficiently focused on the child’s welfare. The result  of the Victoria Climbie case meant a review on the child protection plan. Practitioners have to be extra vigilant when working with children and have to ensure they follow correct procedures with regards to safeguarding and child protection. If a child discloses information to a member of staff they must record all information including the date and time that the child disclosed. This information will then be passed onto management who will contact and inform the correct agencies. 2.2 – Identify the policies and procedures required in the work setting for safeguarding children and young people. The policies and procedures needed within the setting for safeguarding children and young people are: Safeguarding and Child Protection This policy and procedure ensures the protection of the children within the setting with regards to disclosure, abuse and neglect. Practitioners must follow the correct procedure with regards to disclosures from children or incidents witnessed. All practitioners have a DBS check before being able to work closely with the children to ensure they are suitable for the position. Health, Safety and Risk Assessment This policy ensures that all health and safety matters are addressed within the setting so that the children are entering a safe and secure environment. Daily risk assessments are carried out to ensure that all hazards and risks are minimized or removed to ensure the complete safety of the children and young people within the setting and its outdoor environment. First Aid This policy and procedure ensures that practitioners within the setting are sufficiently trained to administer first aid to children, young people and other staff members. Following the correct procedure they must ensure that a first aid form is filled out including all relevant information with regards  to the child. Data Protection This policy and procedure ensures that all children’s and young people’s information is sufficiently stored within the setting. It also states that practitioners must not discuss nursery business outside of the setting.

The Free Soil Party

Buchanan30. In 1848, the Free Soil party platform advocated all of the following except [A] free government homesteads for settlers. [B] internal improvements. [C] an end to slavery in the District of Columbia. [D] support of the Wilmot Proviso. [E] opposition to slavery in the territories. 31. According to the principle of â€Å"popular sovereignty,† the question of slavery in the territories would be determined by [A] the most popular national leaders. [B] a Supreme Court decision. [C] congressional legislation. [D] the vote of the people in any given territory. [E] a national referendum. 2. The key issue for the major parties in the 1848 presidential election was [A] expansion. [B] personalities. [C] Indian removal. [D] slavery.[E] the economy. 33. The Free Soilers condemned slavery because [A] of moral principles. [B] it damaged the national economy. [C] of the harm it did to blacks. [D] it destroyed the chances of free white workers to rise to self-employment. [E] it was the only way they had of combating the appeal of the Democratic party. 34. Harriet Tubman gained fame [A] as an African-American antislavery novelist. [B] in the gold fields of California. C] by urging white women to oppose slavery. [D] as an advocate of the Fugitive Slave Law. [E] by helping slaves to escape to Canada. 35. Daniel Webster’s famed Seventh of March speech in 1850 resulted in [A] a shift toward compromise in the North. [B] Senate rejection of a fugitive-slave law. [C] a movement to draft him for the presidency. [D] condemnation by northern commercial interests. [E] charges of accepting bribes. 36. In the debates of 1850, Senator William H. Seward, as a representative of the northern Young Guard, argued that [A] John C.Calhoun’s compromise plan must be adopted to preserve the Union. [B] Christian legislators must obey God’s moral law. [C] the Constitution must be obeyed. [D] compromise must be achieved to preserve the Union. [E] African-Americans sh ould be granted their own territory. 37. In the Compromise of 1850, Congress determined that slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was [A] to be decided by popular sovereignty. [B] to be banned. [C] protected by federal law.[D] to be ignored until either territory applied for admission to statehood. E] to be decided by the Mormon Church. 38. The Fugitive Slave Law included all of the following provisions except [A] denial of fleeing slaves’ right to testify on their own behalf. [B] denial of a jury trial to runaway slaves. [C] a higher payment if officials determined blacks to be runaways. [D] the requirement that fugitive slaves be returned from Canada. [E] the penalty of imprisonment for northerners who helped slaves to escape. 39. The election of 1852 was significant because it [A] saw the rise of purely national parties. [B] saw the victory of a pro-South northerner. C] marked the return of issues-oriented campaigning. [D] saw the emergence of an antislavery thir d party. [E] marked the end of the Whig party. 40. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii. [D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 41. The prime objective of Manifest Destiny in the 1850s was [A] Nicaragua. [B] Panama. [C] Hawaii.[D] Cuba. [E] the Dominican Republic. 42. Stephen A. Douglas’s plans for deciding the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme required repeal of the [A] Northwest Ordinance. [B] Missouri Compromise. C] Compromise of 1850. [D] Fugitive Slave Act. [E] Wilmot Proviso. 43. One of Stephen Douglas’s mistakes in proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act was [A] allowing slavery to spread into new territory. [B] underestimating the depth of northern opposition to the spread of slavery. [C] believing that slavery could not survive in Kansas. [D] overestimating the protest to the bill. [E] not securing the transcontinental railroad for the North. 44. The clash between Preston S. Brooks and Charles Sum ner revealed [A] the division between the House and the Senate over slavery. B] the fact that, despite divisions over slavery, the House of Representatives would unite to expel a member for bad conduct. [C] the seriousness of political divisions in the North. [D] the fact that passions over slavery were becoming dangerously inflamed in both North and South. [E] the importance of honor to northerners. 45. Match each candidate in the 1856 election below with the correct party. ___ A. John C. Fremont ___ B. Millard Fillmore ___ C. Martin Van Buren ___ D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic 2. Republican 3. Know-Nothing [A] A-2, B-3, D-1 [B] A-3, C-1, D-2 C] A-1, B-3, C-2 [D] B-1, C-2, D-3 [E] A-2, B-3, C-1 46. In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court [A] held that slaveowners could not take slaves into free territories.[B] expected to lay to rest the issue of slavery in the territories. [C] hoped to stimulate further debate on the slavery issue. [D] supported the conc ept of popular sovereignty. [E] reunited the Democratic party. 47. The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as [A] marred by early political opportunism. [B] hurt by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. [C] hurt by his marriage. D] characterized by a rapid rise to power. [E] slow to get off the ground. 48. As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates, [A] Lincoln’s national stature was diminished. [B] Lincoln was elected to the Senate. [C] Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate. [D] Illinois rejected the concept of popular sovereignty.[E] Douglas increased his chances of winning the presidency. 49. Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election below with his party’s position on the slavery question. ___ A. Abraham Lincoln ___ B. Stephen Douglas ___ C. John Breckenridge ___ D. John Bell 1. xtend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty [A] A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 [B] A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 [C] A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 [D] A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1 [E] A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3 50. When Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 presidential election, people in South Carolina [A] waited to see how other southern states would act. [B] vowed to give their loyalty to Stephen Douglas. [C] were very upset because they would have to secede from the Union. [D] rejoiced because it gave them an excuse to secede. [E] none of these.

Vacation Spots

Vacation Spots Vacation in paradise is the most important event in one’s life and every place in the world, people find a glorious space where a family can bond and enjoy the time that they have being together. A family is given two vacation spots to choose, Destin, Florida which is local and the other is Palma Resort which is in Surigao, Philippines. Both vacation spots have similarities, the family will face a lot of challenges vacationing outside the United States rather than vacationing locally.One important difference in vacationing between Destin, Florida and Palma Resort is the venue or location. Vacationing in Destin, Florida requires on a family to drive and a choice to fly to reach their destination while going to Palma Resort, Surigao, Philippines, and a family can go there by flying and no other way is available. The family also will be safe to venture around the city while vacationing locally while in Palma Resort the family is only safe if they stay within the bo undaries of the resort otherwise safety is at your own risk.Another difference between vacationing locally in Destin, Florida and Palma Resort is the cost that will come up. Vacationing in Destin, Florida, the cost would be minimal and affordable among middle class family. The family can also use their own car to travel to reach their Kwong 2 destination and this would save a lot on a budgeted vacation. Travel tax is not imposed while vacationing locally. On the other hand vacationing outside the United States in Palma Resort, Surigao, Philippines will incur a higher cost in airfare.It will cost a family of five at least $10,000 just to purchase airfare to the Philippines and this does include the fare to go the resort which is estimated between $1,500 to $2,000 per family of five (5), travel tax is imposed by the airport authorities since the family is just visiting a foreign country. The family has to rent a car or a van to venture out of the resort because there is no public tran sportation available around those areas which is another cost to account for.Vacationing in Palma Resort, Surigao, Philippines can be very expensive and will have to face the hustle of transferring from one airport to another to reach their vacation spot. The time alone to travel will take its toll on the family which is 19 hours of flight time from the United States to the Philippine and another 2 hours of flight time to reach the island while vacationing locally the family would normally spend 14 hours of drive time or 3 hours of flight time one or the other. Also the expectation of what kind of food or dishes being served can also be a factor, dining or having lunch outside the U.S. can be an experience the family would never forget. Destin, Florida and Palma Resort, Surigao, Philippines is two of the best vacation spots a family would possibly go. It is up to the family and their budgets where they want to go, if they prefer to save, then they should choose Destin, Florida and i f they could afford to spend extravagantly then it is recommended that they choose Palma Resort, Surigao, Philippines because they would enjoy the fun and adventure the place would provide and the experience of having authentic dishes being served and the hospitality of local people would show to them.Kwong 3 Vacation Spots Thesis: Both vacation spots are amazing, but staying within the borders of the United States is better than dealing with international complications I. Venue A. Destin 1. Can be driven to 2. Within United States border 3. Safe to venture B. Surigao, Philippines 1. Have to fly 2. Outside the United States-SW Asia 3. Safe within the boundaries of the resort but not outside. II. Cost A. Destin 1. Affordable for family vacation 2. Usage of family car 3.Travel tax not imposed B. Surigao, Philippines 1. High Cost 2. Rental Car or Van 3. Travel Tax imposed Kwong 4 III. Travel Time/Food A. Destin 1. It takes 14 hours drive time 2. Dishes are familiar/American Food 3. Fam iliar Hospitality B. Surigao, Philippines 1. It takes 19 hours fly time to reach the Philippines and another 2 hours fly time to reach Island and additional 2 hours drive time to destination. 2. Native Dishes/Filipino dishes 3. Unfamiliar hospitality or customs.

Response to Progress Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response to Progress Report - Essay Example Also I would like to see the questionnaire form, so please send it to me a.s.a.p. What exact periodicals have you chosen for your secondary research? And have you surveyed the representatives of government agencies? Taking into account significance of the analyzed problem, we are planning to invite directors of different organizations, public agents and independent foreign guests from Germany, who are able to be in our city on December 14th, 2002. Therefore, let’s put the date of presentation forward on 15th of December at 10 a.m. in conference hall. In this respect, I am waiting for your draft form of the report on December, 10th. Due to the importance of the impending event, there are some instructions, which I want you to follow. Please pay attention to health centers and hospitals and represent brief information about their performance and financial indicators. In addition, provide detailed analysis of statistical findings in our region compared to neighboring areas. Do not forget to explain the procedure of charity and main directions of its usage. Give instructions concerning agencies within our organization, which need charitable donations drastically. Furthermore, after the presentation it will be useful to spread business cards with contact information of our agencies to all guests. In addition, I would like to get some recommendations from you, suggesting how to solve the problem of decline in charitable donations. Please show me preliminary draft with any possible propositions by the end of the next week. Also in two weeks I would like to make a public action that will raise people’s awareness and propagandize charity. I want you to draw a plan of this event, displaying information about all requirements for materials, needed quantity of assistants and

Traditional china Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Traditional china - Essay Example None, therefore, could function independently. Secondly and most importantly was that energy flowed through the body following certain distinct channels found deep within the body (Zhao, 12). In traditional china, it was believed that one fell sick as a result of the very channels through which energy passes are blocked. Consequently, the body parts working together were the reason why an individual became well or sick. In the event that the body parts did not work in harmony, one thus became sick. Most of the medicines used in traditional China were basically herbs (Tsang, 78). The traditional healers mixed a variety of herbs to effect a healing. This was done for a variety of diseases and none of the herbs could be said to be of a specific nature. A number of diseases were thus treated and become well. Many as the best have described medicine and healing in traditional china in many years. Scientists have also used the traditional medicines to develop more sophisticated drugs. In different countries, especially in America, these forms of healing and even the medicine have been used as direct alternatives of the actual drugs

Changes in Political Economy of Development Essay

Changes in Political Economy of Development - Essay Example This essay stresses that in the 20th century there have been many scholars who have done extensive research on the different policies adopted. However, each researcher has been advocating for their own framework and it has been the responsibility of leaders to adopt the best for their countries. Since the dawn of communism and capitalism in the world where the two were seen to be at war with each other there have been massive changes in the systems all over the world. The conventional communism and capitalism have been overtaken by liberalism and eventually neo-liberalism. One can only ask if there are changes that will be seen in future with massive economic and political changes shaping the world. Capitalism is one of the oldest models that were used at the dawn of the 20th century and its failure was culminated by the great depression that hit the United States massively. This paper makes a conclusion that a huge gap still exists between the developed countries and the developing countries. Instituting similar paradigms and economic policies will not be helpful to the developing countries since they do not have similar levels of resources. There is a need to ensure independent a factor that should not be applied only at individual level. However, the world is braced for major transformations due to the changes in the political and economic arena and therefore leaders have a responsibility to get the best out of their economies. The changes have helped the world economy but there is more to be done to ensure the same is felt by individuals all over the world.

International market entry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International market entry - Essay Example It is important for the various industries to market some of these devices in international market. After welcoming the commodity, it is sure that entering the market will be easy as the technology devices will be used to simplify their works in those areas. It is important to go through the marketing of the ipad 4, one of the acclaimed devices in the hospitality industry, in Italy as this represents international market entry of the commodity. The country, Italy, has been a democratic nation for 46 years now; thus, the political environment is reputable for the marketing of the product. This is from the fact that with the democracy, the government does not inhibit the citizens from purchasing products at will. Moreover, the democracy also allows the United States, the producer of the ipad, to venture into the Italian market easily and consequently have increased sales of the ipad (Fleisher, 2008, 169). The fact that the country has a well laid out judicial system is also important f or the marketing of the new ipad. This is from the fact that there is control on the decisions that powerful politicians make. An example is a politician who may talk ill of the ipad and tell people not to purchase it. Such cases are few - the concept of freedom and independence is incorporated in the Italian market. One factor that may come as a disadvantage in the marketing of the ipad is with regards to the tax tariffs that the country has. Lately, Italy has set its tariffs very high in an effort to boost its economy. With the increased tariffs, the country will have reduced imports and – consequently – the goods within the country will increase in sales. With this the standards ought to increase and make the economy of the country boost. The issue of tariffs was induced by the executive arm of the government and has been a major hindrance to the sale of products. This factor is bound to affect the marketing of the product in the country (Henry, 2009, 48). Shifting focus to the economic aspect of the country, Italy’s economy is rated eighth largest in the world. This has been effective in ensuring that the circulation of products in the country is well above average. Moreover, this means that most citizens in the country are stable thus being in a position to market the ipad. This brings down the fears that one may have when introducing the ipad into the Italian market. It is also important to understand the fact that country’s economy is not stagnant but rather on the rise from the various measures taken by the government such as increased taxation (Cohen, 2011, 68). This ensures that the citizens of the country are always up and busy to ensure that they achieve their goals while living a comfortable life. Introduction of the ipad into the market would work great to ensure that these people are always informed on the changing market trends by using the device. This acts as a positive impact on the sale of the ipad, and so there is the need to introduce it into the Italian market. The transport sector is one other factor to consider with regards to the marketing of the ipad in Italy. Italy’s economy has been stable, and ensuring infrastructure development is a key aspect in the country. Italy has well established roads that generate a huge income for the government. The fact that these roads are in great conditions ensures the

Tidal Power (School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Essay

Tidal Power (School of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering) - Essay Example There are approximately 20 sites over the world where tidal power can be generated. This energy is free, but it can be managed with any other power generation plant as it is available only for 10-12 hours per days when tides flows. Keywords: Tide, tidal, turbines, sluices, lock, embankments, tidal fences, tidal lagoons, tidal streams, Bulb turbine, Rim Turbine, Tubular turbine, Offshore Turbines, Vertical-Axis turbines and tidal barrages. One can easily say or predict that one thing happens every day twice, which is coming and going of tide in ocean (sea). This can happen because of gravitational force of the Moon and Sun at the same time rotation of Earth [3]. Because of tide huge of amount of water moves and harnessing it by some means can provide a great deal of energy. This energy supply is reliable and plentiful (forever) and renewable. The tides will continue to ebb and flow, and the energy is there for the taking. It gives a distinct advantage over other renewable sources that are not reliable and predictable, such as wind and solar energy. But the main concern is related to converting it into useful form of power (electricity) and that is not easy. Only around 20 sites in the world have been identified as possible tidal power stations [2]. Turbines: It is located in water passages which are designed to convert the potential energy of the difference in water levels across the barrage into kinetic energy in the form of fast-moving water and than later converted into rotational energy by the blades of the turbines and then into electricity by generators driven by turbines[1]. Different types of turbines used are Bulb turbine, Rim Turbine, Tubular turbine, Offshore Turbines and Vertical-Axis turbines [3][4]. The power available from the turbine at any particular instant is given by: Opening fitted with controlled gates (Sluices): It is designed to pass large flows

Frankl's Notion of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Frankl's Notion of Life - Essay Example Life will surely give joy and also pain, but meaning does not reside on it. Meaning resides on the very act that man makes in response to those different situations. Man has the power to give meaning to his own life. He has the power to transcend even the most difficult state of suffering. Frankl viewed man with responsibility. Responsibility entails that man has the freedom and is the author of his life. Man is the sculpture of the meaning of his life and has the capacity to give meaning amidst suffering. Responsibility also entails that man has freedom. Even in the most difficult situation, man has the spiritual freedom that no one can take away. This spiritual freedom is a gift that is endowed in man's being. This spiritual freedom is the freedom to respond and act in man's own way. An example on this is the very experience that Frankl had. Amidst being imprisoned, he decided to bear everything for him to able to be reunited again to his family in the future. In his determination to live amidst difficult situations, he still found meaning in his experience. Such response embodied his spiritual freedom. It is an act that many had failed to do in such situations. This notion of man in acting his own way also amidst any situation is also called uniqueness. Uniqueness is the capacity of man that makes him different from others. Although all men have freedom, men are uniquely different in terms of how they use their freedom. No man is of exactly the same response to another man if given the same situation. This entails that every man is unique in his own way. Again, uniqueness is evident in Frankl's own manifestation of freedom. Many prisoners in such difficult situations elected to give up their sanity and even their lives. They have the freedom to give meaning to their own lives but their freedom was used in choosing to give up. Therefore, man has the freedom that entails responsibility. Such freedom and responsibility is then the power give meaning to his own life. For Frankl, it does not matter what man expects from life rather what life expects from man. Hence, man and man alone has the spiritual freedom that no one can take away and this freedom can create meaning and joy even amidst pain and suffering. RELIGION AND SCIENCE AS WORLD VIEWS It is always of a discourse when we try to blend in science and religion. Most people find both as two contrasting paradigms. One paradigm must discard the other in order for one to survive. Both don't want to give up in this battle. Both assert their own bearings and man is left in the middle trying to weigh things on where he is to side. Such reality only adds to man's burden. It does not actually help man but only add burden to man, a confusion that man faces in his journey through life. Such reality must trigger what we call twist, that both paradigms must learn to check and balance each other. Both must learn to set their limits and not overlap to each other. Both must learn to know the boundaries and capacity of their study. They must learn to understand questions as can be catered by religion or science. Such teamwork will give birth to a man who is free from confusion. Each field has their own focus of interest; they are both means to unraveling reality of life. There is no w ay to compare and contrast them because they are not of the same paradigm. They also serve

Recommendation for reducing substance dependence disorder from Essay

Recommendation for reducing substance dependence disorder from alcoholism - Essay Example Last year, there were 500 new cases of substance abuse mental disorder related to excess regular alcohol consumption. In this report, I give an explanation on better solutions identified by the state welfare committee and present our findings after comparison of substance abuse mental disorder cases in the state. Together with the social welfare committee, we have considered the following solutions: - law enforcement on bar attendants and the owners who sell alcohol to drunken patrons and extending drinking time limits. - increase the punishment of drunkenness and violation of regulations, which controls the selling and alcohol drinking - Social workers to create forums to educate the public on dangers of excessive alcohol drinking. There has been a big increase of substance mental disorder cases over the past couple of years. Excessive drinking of alcohol has been one of the major causes. This increase is attributed to ignorance, violation of rules controlling sale and drinking of alcohol not having effective public sensitization programs on dangers of abusing alcohol and lineament punishment to the offenders. Substance abuse disorder statistics compared The following statistics represents the total cases of diagnosed substance abuse mental disorder in 2010 and 2012 the percentage of the diagnosed cases related to alcoholism (Newton 183). The enforcement of laws that govern alcohol sale and consumption is a major step. This can be enhanced by employing more officers and giving them relevant patrol facilities. This will deter the law breakers from going against the regulations that control alcohol sale and consumption.

Visitation to a Womans Health Facility Assignment

Visitation to a Womans Health Facility - Assignment Example It also offers sex education to these women. Planned Parenthood has an experience of more than 100 years in promoting the health and well being of women (Parenthood, 2014). Furthermore, it is guided by the principle that everybody has a right and duty to make an independent and informed decision about family planning, sex, and their health. Boro Hall Centre is part of the Planned Parenthood clinics. The vision of the health care organization is to help people make informed decisions about their sexuality, family planning, and health care. Most of its target customers are women. Because the health care organization operates in virtually all the states of America, serving a diverse community, the following are the mission of the health care organization (Johnson and Lambert, 2010), The main leaders of the organization are women. The Chairman of the entire organization is Alexis McGill Johnson. She has extensive experience in the fields of academia, social activism, and politics. She greatly understands the opportunities and challenges that Planned Parenthood faces, as a health care institution, and fundraising organization. She has an interest in improving the lives of young women. This is by making it possible for them to have an access to quality and affordable health care. Ms Cecile Richards is the head of the organization, and she is responsible for rolling out programs aimed at catering for the health care needs of women (Johnson and Lambert, 2010). Most of the visitors at the Boro Hall are women, and teenage girls. The Boro Hall facility gives advice to women on the better family planning services available to them. The organization further carries out pregnancy tests, and it has delivery units, where pregnant women are allowed to deliver. This center also provides educational services. This is with the aim of teaching teens and young women on relationships, sex, and sexuality (Johnson and

Teacher That I Like Essay Example for Free

Teacher That I Like Essay Friendly short Pay attendant with students Kind Handsome Knowledgeable Good solving the problem Funny Good explaining Good manner Implement High education entire The teacher that I like is teacher Don Sarom. I’m a student at Kids international school. At there I have a teacher. His name is teacher Don Sarom. He is the teacher that I like very much. He is very handsome but he is shorter than me and fatter than me. He is very friendly and funny also. When he is explaining he always has a fun that make we want to study with him. He always pay attendant with all the student in the class. When have some students that don’t understand he will explain them again and again until they understand clearly. And when he explains, all the students are tried to listen to him altogether. He is very kind also. When I have some problem that I don’t know how to do I always call to ask him and he always tell me all the time although hi is studying or busying also. He always has enough implement to teach. When have some problem that happen in the school or in the class he always find the good solving. And he is the good manner person also. When he speaks is make all the student listen to him and always think what that he speak because he is a high education person. I’m very like him he is always helping me all time that I have problem or also the entire student in the class. I will remember all the things that he has done to me. If the entire teacher is as same as him I think all the students are very happy to study.

Theoretical Explanation Of Balance Of Power

Theoretical Explanation Of Balance Of Power The concept of the Balance of Power can be a useful tool in explaining the behaviour of states. Mostly because it is founded on the theory that all states act to preserve their own self interest. If they are to do this they must prevent domination by any other state, which leads to the assumption that they must build up power and form alliances. Throughout history we can see the B.O.P. concept in action. The states of Europe held each other in balance through the first 300 years of the modern state system. The clearest example of the B.O.P. concept can be found in the Cold War. In the Cold War the two superpowers the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. held a stable world balance between them. Both states sought to deter domination by the other through a build up of arms and through the creation of strong alliance systems. Under the B.O.P. theory the logic of the Cold War strategies and alliances seems apparent, with the best method of security being strength. In comparison with the era of the Cold War, we are now living in a constantly changing world. In recent years a number of emerging nations have been challenging the position of dominance of the old powers, which are dropping down the international pecking order. In economic terms, countries from the South now account for more than half of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product), are leading world growth -with growth rates above 11% (China) and 9% (India) -and consume more than half of the worlds energy. It is forecast that in thirty years time, China and India will be global powers and that, along with the United States of America (USA), they will compete amongst themselves for world leadership. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been alone in the world; no state or combination of states provides an effective counterweight. Moreover Globalization, Market forces and operation of non state elements without regard for national boundaries and loyalties have made the balancing phenomenon more complicated. Therefore, some recent studies in the field of International relations advocate that power politics including balancing of power has become obsolete and the theory of the balance of power has lost its relevance. This phenomenon has raised series of questions and just a few are picked out here:- Question 1: Historically why and how the states opt for International balance of power? Question 2: Is contemporary international politics devoid of balance of power and power politics? Question 3: Are traditional measures and sources of power losing their relevance in world? Question 4 What is the effect of prevailing global security situations on International balance of power? Aim of the Paper: The dual aim of the paper is to map the different trends that are shaping the senario for the future global power balance as well as to offer a tool to better cope with the high uncertainty on how this landscape will evolve in the comming decades. Research design:- This paper represents an attempt by five individuals to think collectively about the international Balance of Power (BoP), analyse past and current international setup to establish pattern of BoP and finally make futuristic prediction in this regard. A humble attempt has also been made to suggest a strategy for Pakistan to carving out its role and relevance in future global seting. Relatively simple research design is used for this paper. It is in fact a historical, qualitative and an analytical appraisal of transformation of the global power balance that rests on the data extracted from both primary and secondary sources. This paper is mainly focused on studying the building blocks and mechanisms, by virtue of which the theories global power balance, are offering its scholarly and normative influence for contributing in predicting futuristic international scenarios. Three empirical gaps and theoretical arguments in the field of foreign/security policy and IR have been discussed in the study. For conduct of the research the paper would follow the standpoint of the realists school. In the simplest form the realist paradigm claims that in International relations, sovereign states are the key actors. In due process of International interaction among the states, their interests intrinsically come into conflict, mainly for gain of material power. Balancing thus occu rs to protect/ promote its share in material gain. Organization Of The Paper: Paper is organized in six parts. Part one is about theoretical explanation of balance of power. Part two discusses historical perspective of BOP. Part three is comprised of Determinants of Rising power. Part four presents Shifts in Global balance of Power a myth or reality consequences and likely power counter in the next two decades alternatives to the balance of power as a basis for international order . Part five is focused on Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan in likely future international settings. Conclusion and Recommendations are placed at the end. THEORY OF BOP According to the balance-of-power theory balance of power is a fundamental process of international politics, it is a kind of master law of international relations. There is a long history to this Newtonian conception of the balance of power. Yet in the European intellectual tradition it was, at least through the eighteenth century, a minority view. Much more common was the idea that prudent sovereigns ought to pursue balance-of-power politics. If they followed balance-of-power logic, they would preserve their own independence as well as prevent Europe from falling prey to an oriental-style despotism. Thus the balance of power was an important adjunct to European ideologies that rejected universal empire on normative grounds. In contemporary international-relations theory, balance-of-power theory is primarily associated with structural realism. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of structural realism, argues that because the international system lacks a common authority (is in a state of anarchy), it inclines states to behave in ways that, over time, produce recurrent balancing equilibria. Within contemporary realism (broadly defined) there exist a number of approaches that reject this interpretation of the basic dynamics of world politics. Both hegemonic-stability theorists and power-transition theorists argue that the natural equilibrium of international systems is unbalanced: that systems are characterized by the repeated emergence of dominant powers. In substance, the arguments of both camps are basically identical, although the former incline towards qualitative analysis and the latter towards statistical studies. They do adopt somewhat distinctive terminology, however. Hegemonic-stability theorists generally view such systems as hegemony under anarchy, i.e., the dominant power acts as a kind of quasi-world government, setting the rules for trade, war, and peace. Power-transition theorists, in contrast, tend to dismiss the notion that the international system is anarchical. In J.F.K. Organskis view, the international system is characterized by a pyramid of power, with the dominant state at the top. This system is hierarchical, and has a great deal in common with domestic systems. Advocates of both approaches tend to disagree with balance-of-power theorists that the best way to preserve peace between major powers is for states to achieve a balance of power between them. The logic is straightforward: when power is unbalanced, i.e., when a state or coalition of states is clearly superior to their potential rivals, then the former have no need to initiate wars to get what they want while the latter know they are likely to lose any confrontation. Wars between great powers, however, happen when both sides believe they can win, i.e., when they at least perceive the existence of a rough equality of capabilities. Hegemonic-stability theory and particularly the work of Robert Gilpin helped spawn a third variant of realism, often called neoclassical realism. Neoclassical realism shares a great deal in common with the understanding of the balance of power prevalent in early modern Europe: balancing is a prudent policy, but there is no force of nature that impels states to engage in balancing behavior. In my view, behind all the interpretations of the balance of power lies the appeal to realism in the conduct of international affairs. Realism remains the best, perhaps the only persuasive, argument for restraint; and it is common ground that the doctrine of the balance of power is a device to promote restraint, whether it is argued that lack of restraint is wrong, or dangerous, or ultimately bound to fail. In that sense the balance of power in international affairs is clearly related to the idea of checks and balances within a government, which is equally a device to impose restraint on men who might otherwise, seduced by power, abandon it. When Hans Morgenthau wrote Politics Among Nations in 1948, he was coming from the experience of World War II and his observations of the struggle for power and peace. He was very aware of the international system of the 19th century and how it changed through the first half of the 20th century. Then, as the Cold War settled in, he observed how a new bipolar world emerged from the former multi-polar world. He was very sure that an objective and universally valid truth existed to explain the world politic and that truth was accessible to human reason. The Realist view of the world was born with Morgenthau (and others) with this view that to successfully navigate the treacherous world of international politics, one must have a very clear understanding of how the world really operated. Waltz, arriving on the scene a generation later and with more time to observe the apparent bipolarity established by the United States and the Soviet Union, decided that the early Realists were fundamentally correct. He posits that since the international world is anarchical and that power is the coin of the realm, states must make decisions based on the position they have relative to others. Therefore, the actions of states can, to some extent, be predicted based on their power position in the region and world. States, in Waltzs understanding of the World, remain the principal actor. Transnational, sub-national, and even a-national actors may arrive on the scene and even have effects in the international arena, but the state will always find a way to deal with the interlopers. None of the other potential replacements for the state have the capability of providing what states can do for their populations. Realists have a pessimistic view of the world; there is conflict, always has been conflict, and there always will be conflict. This view rejects the notion that one can differentiate morally between virtuous and non-virtuous states in the international system. Such a view of how the world really works does not easily admit that the system can be changed and that conflict can be avoided. The Realist, then, is concerned with how the world actually operates and not with how the world ought to operate. The Realist sees the state as the fundamental actor in the international system, which is anarchical and amoral. As a result, actions taken by states that are not aligned with or do not at least take into account these realities are likely doomed to failure. Morgenthau was quite convinced that mistaken faith in Wilsons liberal philosophy had taken the world to the brink of disaster. The attempt to use morals to decide on actions was not successful. Only firm decisions taken with a full understanding of the reality of the international system would bring successful foreign policy. Fundamental is this system is the balance of power. Each state is concerned as to where it sits in relation to other states. When one state begins to gain power, other states will make decisions based on that power. Some will organize to counter those gains, either as an individual or by forming alliances. Coming along a generation after Waltz, Stephen Walt added to the Realist paradigm the notion of the balance of threat. Really just another way of discussing the balance of power, he shows how threats are the means by which states communicate with each other, thus ensuring they are taken seriously so their interests are protected. Balancing of power is a two sided proposition, though, meaning that a state, by its actions, can convince other states to either balance against them or with them. Band-wagoning, a process, by which states join with others, ostensibly to counter an aggressive state, is a mechanism Walt believes must be better understood and taken into account by leaders of states. We may actually be seeing some of this going on in response to U. S. actions with respect to Afghanistan and Iraq. In the case of Iraq, by standing up to aggressive action on the part of Al Qaeda, most of NATO stood with the United States and remains with US in the fight in Afghanistan. The opposite occurred with Iraq, when the European states saw American actions as being aggressive, and have band-wagoned in opposition to the United States. In order to promote a theoretical understanding of international relations and get answers of our research questions we will use realists approach of the balance of power. The realists theory provides answers to our questions as under:- Realists Theory Question 1: Historically why and how the states opt for International balance of power? Against threatening (or powerful) states by forming alliance Question 2: Is contemporary international politics devoid of balance of power and power politics? Balance of power is still relevant Question 3: Are traditional measures and sources of power losing their relevance in world politics? They are still relevant Question 4 what is the effect of prevailing global security situations on International balance of power? After the disintegration of USSR, traditional international balance of power was disturbed because of US unilateral approach to the worlds leading problems. After the current transitional flux, several poles are emerging and the traditional balance of power is going to be restored. DEFINITION OF BALANCE OF POWER Political Dictionary: balance of power Probably the oldest concept in the study of International Relations going back at least to the work of Thucydides. It is closely associated with both diplomatic parlance and realist theory. Its logic derives from the self-help imperative of the international systems anarchic structure, in which states are obliged to give priority to survival and security. In pursuing this logic, states will usually join together to oppose any expansionist centre of power that threatens to dominate the system and thus threaten their sovereignty. Balance of power behaviour is central to conceptions of the national interest and to alliance policy. If successful, it preserves individual states and the anarchic structure of the system as a whole. Its opposite is bandwagoning, in which states seek security by joining with the dominant power. Realists conceive balance of power as an automatic tendency in state behaviour. In an international society perspective, balance of power is a conscious policy shared amongst a group of states, and serving as the principle by which they regulate their relations. Neither balance nor power are measurable, and their interpretation is much debated. Barry Buzan Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: In international relations, an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another. The term came into use at the end of the Napoleonic Wars to denote the power relationships in the European state system. Until World War I, Britain played the role of balancer in a number of shifting alliances. After World War II, a Northern Hemisphere balance of power pitted the U.S. and its allies (NATO) against the Soviet Union and its satellites ( Warsaw Pact) in a bipolar balance of power backed by the threat of nuclear war. Chinas defection from the Soviet camp to a nonaligned but covertly anti-Soviet stance produced a third node of power. With the Soviet Unions collapse (1991), the U.S. and its NATO allies were recognized universally as the worlds paramount military power. Balance of power, 0n Britannica.com Columbia Encyclopedia: Balance of power is system of international relations in which nations seek to maintain an approximate equilibrium of power among many rivals, thus preventing the preponderance of any one state. Crucial to the system is a willingness on the part of individual national governments to change alliances as the situation demands in order to maintain the balance. Thucydides description of Greece in the 5th cent. B.C. and Guicciardinis description of 15th-century Italy are early illustrations. Its modern development began in the mid-17th cent., when it was directed against the France of Louis XIV. Balance of power was the stated British objective for much of the 18th and 19th cent., and it characterized the European international system, for example, from 1815-1914. After World War I the balance of power system was attacked by proponents of cooperation and a community of power. International relations were changed radically after World War II by the predominance of two superpowers, the Unit ed States and the Soviet Union, with major ideological differences between them. After the 1960s, with the emergence of China and the Third World, a revived Europe and Japan, it reemerged as a component of international relations. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the United States, as the sole remaining superpower, has been dominant militarily and, to a lesser degree, economically. US Foreign Policy Encyclopedia: The balance of power appears at first sight a simple concept. It has been defined as a phrase in international law for such a just equilibrium between the members of the family of nations as should prevent any one of them from becoming sufficiently strong to enforce its will upon the rest. Yet the phrase has always been of more use in political polemic than in political analysis. Like other phrases with a strong emotional appeal it is vague, and it would lose its appeal if it were more precise. Its obscurities are several, but the most important is that it blends the descriptive and the normative. The condition is one, the term balance implies, toward which international life is forever tending. That is the descriptive element. But the condition is also one that may be upset, and right-thinking statesmen should constantly be on the alert to preserve or restore it. That is the normative element. These two elements reinforce one another. Because such a balance will be established in an y event, it is sensible and moral to work toward it. PART-II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BALANCE OF POWER HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BALANCE OF POWER 4. Prehistoric and Medieval Periods. During the Period of the Warring States in China (403-221 BC), the development of large, cohesive states accompanied the creation of irrigation systems, bureaucracies, and large armies equipped with iron weapons. These Chinese states pursued power through a constantly shifting network of alliances. In ancient Greece during the Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BC), the rising power of Athens triggered the formation of a coalition of city-states that felt threatened by Athenian power. 5. Pre World Wars Period a. In the 17th century the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled Austria and Spain, threatened to dominate Europe. During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), a coalition that included Sweden, England, France, and The Netherlands defeated the rulers of the Habsburg Empire. b. Early in the 19th century, Napoleon repeatedly made efforts to conquer large areas of Europe. A broad coalition of European states-including Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia-defeated France in a series of major battles that climaxed with Napoleons defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. c. The classical European balance of power system emerged thereafter in an alliance known as the Concert of Europe, organized in 1815 by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. This loose alliance between Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France ensured that a handful of great powers would coexist, with none able to dominate the others. Under this system, and with Britain playing a balancer role, peace largely prevailed in Europe during the 19th century. It is not an accident that the doctrine of the balance of power-alike in international and in domestic politics-received its classic and most rigorous statements at a time when foreign policy was largely a matter for rulers who could use the war potential of their states for their own aggrandizement. It was because a ruler had to be able to wage effective war that he had to be allowed the armed force that contributed to his domestic control. d. British reliance on a navy rather than on a standing army was important to the growth of British liberties-and later to American liberty. In a sense, therefore, the international balance of power was needed to check the pretensions of rulers who lacked any effective domestic check. The balance of power, however, although it may act to restrain the actions of those who believe in the doctrine, is in the first instance a device to restrain others. 6. Inter and Intra World Wars Period (1914-1945) a. When World War I broke out, although all parties made some effort to maintain or protect the balance of power (which, of course, they interpreted differently), none of them could argue that governments, or princes, were behaving in the way that one would expect. German apologists had to contend that Germany was surrounded by malevolent foes and that the survival of Germany was at stake. The allies had to contend not merely that Germany was too powerful for comfort, but that German militarism threatened a European civilization that would otherwise be peaceful. The argument, in short, could not be cast in terms of the balance of power. b. In order to contain German and its allies, a formidable alliance was formed in Europe. German threat was such that USA broke away with the centuries long stand of neutrality and joined the alliance against Germany. Status quo however, was maintained in Europe. Historians will long continue to debate the causes that finally brought the United States into the war. c. Same was the case in World War II, where, a status quo was required to be maintained and German advances were to be stopped, alliance on the lines of World War I was formed. The alliance completely decapacitated German led axis powers. In both the World Wars, the entry of the United States so quickly and completely tilted the balance of power in favor of the side it joined. Had the United States been regarded as an element in the balance; the wars in the form they took would never have broken out and it is here that the world saw the introduction of WMD. 7. Cold War Period a. It was well recognized that the United States and the Soviet Union were in direct and unique competition. The appalling consequences of nuclear war introduced a new kind of stability. The so-called balance of terror or balance of deterrence ensured that each nuclear power was anxious not to give the other power any sort of signal that would justify an attack, and was also anxious not to identify such a signal. This caution was compatible with, and even required, an arms race. b. The ideological struggle reflected the knowledge of both great powers that they contended in a fast-changing world; and the Cold War began to lose intensity, not when the protagonists decided to abandon it but when world circumstances changed and new elements began to contribute to the balance. c. It became almost conventional to speak in terms of a world of four poles-the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe and Japan. d. US led West used all means and opportunities to balance Soviet military power and kept on trying to contain Soviet Union. On the other hand Soviet Union formed an alliance with the opposite block countries to counter the US. Struggle of countering each power continued till the Soviet Union finally collapsed. With the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became incontrovertibly the worlds dominant power. 8. Post Cold War a. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, USA emerged as sole global power hence as per the ground realities, the entire world had to align its policies with the US. Without an apparent foe to challenge its security, the major question confronting U.S. foreign policy was what would succeed the Cold Wars bipolar balance of power. b. The issue among academics and political commentators was whether the United States should emphasize its dominant position as a unipolar global power, or seek a leading role in a tripolar or multipolar system. 9. Conclusions from Historical Perspective. In nut shell post cold war power balance is categorized by US unilateralism, Wests political, economic and social control to the extent that the situations symbolize with that of eighteenth and nineteenth centurys colonization. Striking conclusions of the post cold war power balance are as under:- a. The end of the Cold War in US and Europe and the ongoing integration of the European economies alongside attempts at greater political integration in the continent have given rise to a view that traditional concepts of security are no longer relevant. There is a powerful perception that the idea of the state and its sovereignty has been made irrelevant by processes that are taking place at both the global and local level. Concept of security has been widened to the extent that currently it includes everything under the sun. b. Concept of Balance of Power has also been changed from the known enemy threat to fear of unlimited unknowns. Interpretations of the balance has also been changed from balance among nation states to balance among civilizations and much beyond. c. Post cold war era reintroduces the phenomena of colonization with changed face of chaining the third world through economic, trade and technology transfer policies under the umbrella of IMF, world bank, various technological regimes and UN. PART III DETERMINANTS OF RISING POWER (ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER OR ANY OTHER FACTORS DEEMED NECESSARY TO QUALIFY A POWER TO BE THE RISING POWER) The international system is characterized by several unique features which colour the entire pattern of interstate relations and international politics. These features may be summarized as follows:- The central fact about the international system is that it consists of sovereign and independent nation states. These nation states act in their several interests. Their actions are the result of such factors as the judgments of the individual state authorities. The international system has no central political organ capable of enforcing uniform laws and standards of behavior. The United Nation is too weak to perform the task. There are very few universally accepted rules of the game. Generally recognized sources of these rules are four:- Diplomatic practices, (b) International law, (c) Morality and (d) World Public opinion. The significance of morality and world public opinion in international politics is hard to determine. The laws and principles flowing from other two sources are not properly codified and states individually interpret them in their interest. (5) Various states differ in their historical experiences, political ideologies and economic systems. Again they follow different religions, belong to different cultures and value systems. It is the complicated interaction between these various factors that colours their entire outlook. (6) The different states vary with respect to such vital factors as size of population and territory, character, political systems, resources, ideology and judgment. (7) The power distribution of the world is very odd. Between super powers (like the USA and the Soviet Union) and small powers (like Peru, Ethiopia, Srilanka, Sudan etc) there are a number of powers-medium, secondary and lesser powers. (8) Despite the fact of unequal power distribution each state by virtue of being independent and sovereign is regarded as equal and claims equal rights. In the absence of any central organ capable of guaranteeing these equal rights, the protection of these equal rights becomes the concern of each individual state. They are free to select and apply their own methods to protect their status and rights. The result is the international political activity. (9) The cumulative result of all the above factors is the emergence of a typical system which unlike community lacks common values and goals, has no universally accepted procedures and code of conduct where because of these factors resort to arms to resolve disputes is not uncommon. NATURE AND ROLE OF POWER The word power refers to ones capacity to control. As man endeavours to control the various aspects of his environment, his capacity to control these aspects manifests itself in different ways. It is his scientific knowledge (power) through which he controls nature whereas his capacity to control the means of production and distribution is called his economic power. Political power is different from these. It is mans power over the minds and actions of other men. Two questions arise in this connection-first, why men want to control and direct the activities of others and second, what are the sources of this power. One probable answer to the first question is that the best way to avoid control over one-self by others is to control all others. Perhaps controlling all others is the only surest means for avoiding possible control by them over one-self. Diving deeper into this line of analysis leads one to the Hobbesean conception of human nature. Another answer is that man wants to control others for material benefits. Thus economic needs of man become the principal driving force behind all his political activity. As regards the sources of power, too, there is a wide divergence of opinion. The different views can broadly be categorized into two- the classical view and the modern view. According to the classical view the sources of political power are economic and physical strength, which one can exert on others. It exerts through orders, threats etc., and operates by creating either an expectation of benefit or the fear of disadvantages. In the modern sense power is more a spiritual and intellectual leadership. It is the capacity of a leading state to invite confidence, support and co-operation from lesser states through its championship of promising political principles or a value system. This type of power is based on a kind of concensus in shared values. It assumes the form of voluntary agreement among states to follow a given course of action. It is exerted not through orders and threats but through persuasion. It is tutelage in principles and values through which the powerful try to ident ify their aims with the aspirations of the lesser powers. It is because of this that it is some times called an ideological contest or

Entrepreneurship In Contexts Of Business Management Commerce Essay

Entrepreneurship In Contexts Of Business Management Commerce Essay The business world can be seen as a complex system of individuals and business organisations that, in a free market economy such as South Africa, involves the activity of transforming scarce resources into products and services in order to meet the needs of society (Du Toit, Erasmus Strydom, 2007:4). Business organisations therefore solve the fundamental economic problem of how to ensure the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources (Cronje, Du Toit Motlatla, 2001:23). In order to understand how the business organisation satisfies the needs of society in a free market economy, it is important to understand the driving force behind the business organisation, namely the entrepreneur (Du Toit et al., 2007:37). The entrepreneur is at the heart of a free market economy and establishes business organisations and in doing so creates jobs and wealth (Cronje et al., 2001:3). Entrepreneurs and new business creation is fundamental to the growth of the South African economy and to the future socio-political stability of the country (Von Broembsen, Wood Herrington, 2005:5). Due to low economic growth, high unemployment and an unsatisfactory level of poverty in South Africa, entrepreneurship becomes a critical solution (Rwigema Venter, 2004:27). As mentioned in Chapter 1, one of the most important groups of entrepreneurs within the economy with considerable potential to contribute to economic growth, economic development and employment generation are business women (Blumberg Kenan, 2008; Ahl, 2006; Negash, 2006; Blumberg, 2005; Republic of South Africa, 2005; Baker, Aldrich Liou, 1997). Therefore, this study focuses on the strategic entrepreneurial behaviour of business women in South Africa. An improved understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour and decision-making would enable business management students to better understand how business organisations function in todays competitive environment. In this chapter the concept of business management is addressed. The chapter starts by introducing the subject of economics, followed by an overview of business management as a discipline. This section leads to a discussion of the relationship between economics and business management. Then follows a section which elaborates on entrepreneurship and strategic management as well as a section how these two fields overlap. Special attention is given to entrepreneurship and strategic management in an attempt to clarify the position of this study in a business management context. The position of the study within the field of economics and business management is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.1: The position of the study within the field of economics and business management 2.2 ECONOMICS Economics has been defined in various ways in its more than 200 year history (Arnold, 2004:3). It is therefore useful to review a number of definitions of what economics entails. Alfred Marshall (1824-1924) broadly defined economics as the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life; it is the study of wealth and of man. Lionel Robbins (1898-1984) definition focussed on alternative outputs that can be achieved with scarce resources. He defined economics as the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. Similarly, Milton Friedman (1912-2006) said that economics is the science of how a particular society solves its economic problems. He then argues that an economic problem exists whenever scarce means are used to satisfy alternative ends (Arnold, 2004:3). It seems from the above definitions that economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources (Mankiw, 2004:4). More comprehensively, economic s is the study of how individuals and societies deal with the fact that wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants (Arnold, 2004:3). The condition, under which wants are greater than the limited resources available to satisfy those wants, is called scarcity (Arnold, 2004:3). This endeavour to achieve the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources is known as the fundamental economic principle (Smit, Cronje, Brevis Vrba, 2007:20) and every economic system is subject to it (Cronje et al., 2001:23). That being so, it follows that any component of an economic system, including a business organisation, is also subject to the economic principle (Nieman Bennett, 2006:6; Cronje et al., 2001:23). In order to create wealth and satisfy wants, as implied in the definitions, resources are utilised (Nickels, McHugh McHugh, 2008:9). Resources are divided into four broad categories, called factors of production. These factors of production are: land, labour, capital, and entrepreneurship (Arnold, 2004:5). Land includes all natural resources, such as minerals, forests, water and unimproved land. Labour, on the other hand, consists of the physical and mental talents people contribute to the production process. Capital consists of produced goods that can be used as inputs for further production. Entrepreneurship, the focus of this study, refers to the particular talent that some individuals have for organising the resources of land, labour, and capital to produce goods, seek new business opportunities, and develop new ways of doing things (Arnold, 2004:5). It furthermore refers to the initiative of putting together a range of production factors in various combinations in diverse busin esses to satisfy the numerous needs of consumers (Nieman Bennett 2006:6). The field of economics is traditionally divided into two broad subfields, namely, microeconomics and macroeconomics (Mankiw, 2004:4). On the one hand, microeconomics deals with human behaviour and choices as they relate to relatively small units and studies interactions through individual markets, given scarcity and government regulation (Arnold, 2004:27). In other words, microeconomics is the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets. On the other hand, macroeconomics deals with human behaviour and choices as they relate to highly aggregate markets or to the entire economy (Arnold, 2004:4). Macroeconomics is thus the study of economy-wide phenomena (Mankiw, 2004:27). The present study is related to microeconomics as it deals with individuals i.e. business women and how they make decisions to allocate scarce resources. Neoclassical economists are interested in decision-making, especially the costs and incentives associated with economic choices (Hicks, 1937). The decision-making process plays an important role in any business organisation and is of importance for problem-solving, the development of business plans, and goal-directed behaviour (Gray, 2001). In macroeconomics, a neoclassical synthesis was developed in the early 1950s, based on an integration of Keyness ideas and the ideas of earlier economists (Blanchard, 2006:576). These theories had a fundamental impact on the modern understanding of firms and their relation to the environment. In economics theories are useful for explaining and predicting economic behaviour. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:5). The theory of the firm consists of a number of economic theories which describe the nature of the firm, company, or corporation, including its existence, its behaviour, and its relationship with the market (Coase, 1937), which impact business management scholars understanding of the field. The theory of the firm is based on a simple assumption namely that firms try to maximise their profits (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:5). The theory of the firm furthermore provides an explanation of how a firm makes cost-minimising production decisions and how its cost varies with output (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2005:188). In simplified terms, the theory of the firm attempts to answer questions regarding the existence of firms, the boundaries of firms, the organisation of firms and questions con cerning heterogeneity of firm actions and performances (Coase, 1937). To summarise, the field of economics focuses on how society manages its scarce resources, also called factors of production, to satisfy the needs of society. In order to understand how entrepreneurship, as one of the factors of production, influences wealth creation in the economy, one has to appreciate the role of business management which is concerned with the management aspects of the factors of production. 2.3 BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AS A DISCIPLINE The origins of traditional management can be traced back to the need for efficiency and effectiveness (Weymes, 2004:340). The endeavour to achieve the highest possible satisfaction of needs with scarce resources is known as the fundamental economic principle (Smit et al., 2007:20). Within economic and management sciences, traditional business management is subject to this principle, and the managements task is thus is to decide how an organisation can achieve the highest possible output with the least possible input (Smit et al., 2007:20; Scheepers, 2009:7). More specifically, it entails an examination of the factors, methods and principles that enable a business to function as productively as possible in order to maximise its profits (Nieman, 2005:39). In short, the individual business enterprise should focus on realising the economic principle (Scheepers, 2009:7). The study of business management depends on comprehensive and ongoing research and the examination of management problems, the testing of approaches and principles as well as experimentation with methods and techniques. Business management is thus an applied science that studies how business organisations can best be directed towards realising their objectives given their limited resources (Du Toit et al., 2007:27). Klekamp (1968:54) defines business management as achieving organisational goals through people. It is useful to consider this time-worn definition through the perspective of three fundamental schools of management. These schools are: the traditional school of management; the behavioural school of management and the quantitative school of management. It appears that the traditional school sees the achievement of organisational goals as a process. It further suggests that the process is universal i.e. the distinguishing characteristic of a manager is the mastery of her discipline and the application of her art rather that the environment in which it is practiced. The behavioural school, on the other hand, focuses on the achievement of goals, as the process does, but dwells to a large extent upon why people act as they do when under the influence of the management process and in the company of people grouped together for the accomplishment of organisational goals. Alternatively, the quantitative school proposes that the achievement of goals depends to a large extent on the quality of the decisions made in the practice of the management science (Klekamp, 1968:54). Although, business management has been defined by a number of authors, fundamental to most definitions is the idea that management is a social process of planning, coordination, control, and motivation (Pettinger, 2002; Hodgetts, 1981:114). One can infer that business management therefore involves satisfying needs with a limited amount of resources through planning, coordination, control, and motivation of these resources (Ward, 2008:19). The many definitions offered in the literature on management demonstrate the wide differences of opinion among writers and experts about the tasks and activities of management. Figure 2.2 illustrates the four fundamental tasks that are singled out as the most important activities of the management process. These are: planning, organising, leading and control (Du Toit et al., 2007:129). Figure 2.2: The four fundamental management tasks represented as a process SOURCE: Adapted from Du Toit et al., 2007:130 The following brief description of the fundamental management tasks clarifies the concept of management and the management process. The first fundamental task of management, namely planning, determines the mission and goals of the organisation, including the way goals are to be reached in the long-term, and the resources needed for this task (Du Toit et al., 2007:130). Strategic management is an integral part of planning and is the process of developing a vision, mission and long-term objectives for the organisation as a whole. According to Nieman and Bennett (2002:14), organisations succeed if their strategies are appropriate for the circumstances they face, and feasible in respect of their resources, skills and capabilities. Strategic management is discussed in more depth in Section 2.6. The second fundamental task in the management process is organising. This task refers to the development of a framework or organisational structure to indicate how people, equipment and materials should be employed to reach the predetermined goals (Du Toit et al., 2007:130). Leading, the third fundamental task, entails directing the human resources of the business and motivating them (Du Toit et al., 2007:130) in order to get them to perform in such a way that the organisational objectives can be achieved (Nieman Bennett, 2006:99). The final fundamental task, namely control, implies that managers should constantly establish whether the business is on a proper course towards the accomplishment of its goals (Du Toit et al., 2007:131) as well as structuring the activities of the organisation to facilitate the attainment of its objectives (Nieman Bennett, 2006:93). The fundamental task of business management is, however, not only to plan, organise, lead, and to control but to study those factors, principles and methods that will lead a business organisation, as a component of the prevailing economic system, to reach its objectives against the background of limited resources (Du Toit et al., 2007:28) within the microeconomic field of study. In the following section the relationship between economics and business management is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the discussion of a business organisation as a component of the economic system, specifically how, as a need-satisfying institution in the free market economy, it provides for the needs of the community (Cronje et al., 2001:32). 2.4 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS MANAGEMENT On the one hand, economics, as a social science, studies how humans and society exercise choices concerning different ways of utilising their scarce resources in order to satisfy unlimited needs. On the other hand, business management as an applied science is concerned with the study of those institutions in a particular economic system which satisfy the needs of a community. Economics examines the entire economic system, while business management limits its studies to one component of the economic system, namely the individual organisation (Cronje et al., 2001:23). Business management is thus closely linked with microeconomics and the theory of the firm as the purpose of business management is to hold an organisation to the economic principle (Cronje et al., 2001:23). Business management, as a field of study, is concerned with the management aspects of the inputs, the conversion process, and the outputs (Nieman Bennett, 2006:6). More specifically, it entails an examination of the factors, methods and principles that enable a business to function as productively as possible in order to maximise profits (Nieman Bennett, 2002:4). In order to recognise how the business organisation satisfies the needs of society in a free market economy, such as South Africa, one has to understand one of the driving forces behind the business organisation, namely the entrepreneur (Du Toit et al., 2007:37). 2.5 ENTREPRENEURSHIP Economic development can be directly attributed to the level of entrepreneurial activity in a country (Bird, 1989; Schumpeter, 1934) as entrepreneurial businesses are responsible for growth and job creation in the economy (Nieman, Hough Nieuwenhuizen, 2003:3). Entrepreneurship is the process that causes change in the economic system through innovations of individuals who respond to opportunities in the market. Entrepreneurs are challenging existing assumptions as well as conventional rules of business and are creating value in novel and creative ways for themselves and society (Morris, Kuratko Covin, 2008:3). It is therefore important to study entrepreneurship in an increasingly globalised world where survival often depends on people who are driven by opportunity and who seek to achieve their goals in a sustainable way (Rwigema Venter, 2004:9). Although the term entrepreneurship has been in use for over 200 years, considerable disagreement remains over its meaning. Although the disagreement seems greatest if definitions of entrepreneurship between disciplines are compared, a consensus is found if definitions produced by specialists in the same field, are compared (Nieman et al., 2003:9). Economists, for example, tend to agree that entrepreneurs are associated with innovation and are seen as the driving forces of development (Filion, 1998). The behaviourists, on the other hand, try to understand the entrepreneur as a person and ascribe to the characteristics of mainly the flexible interpretative models. The behavioural approach places emphasis on explaining how decisions are taken within the firm. However, any theory of entrepreneurship must be flexible and multidimensional to reflect its multidisciplinary roots (Nieman et al., 2003:9; Filion, 1998). While multiple definitions of entrepreneurship could be found in the literature (Sharma Chrisman, 1999; Venkataraman, 1997; Schumpeter, 1983; Kirzner, 1973), no single definition has been accepted by the whole entrepreneurship field (Scheepers, 2007:25). For the purposes of the present study entrepreneurship can be defined as the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson, Roberts Grousback, 1989). Since this definition implies that: (1) entrepreneurship may vary in terms of the extent and number of times it occurs; (2) entrepreneurship occurs in various contexts for example start-ups and corporate firms; (3) it is a process that can be managed; and (4) it creates value and it is opportunity-driven (Scheepers, 2009). Firstly, regarding the implication that entrepreneurship may vary in terms of the extent and number of times it occurs, it is useful to examine the concept of entrepreneurial intensity (EI). The term of EI was pioneered by Morris and Sexton (1996), who view EI as a function of the degree and frequency of entrepreneurship (Morris, 1998:42). Frequency of entrepreneurship refers to the number of times an enterprise acts entrepreneurially. In other words, the number of entrepreneurial events that takes place within a company over a given period of time (Morris et al., 2008:69; Morris, 1998:42). The degree of entrepreneurship could be assessed against the background of three dimensions: innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness (Erasmus Scheepers, 2008; Morris, 1998:37). Innovativeness, the first dimension of the degree of entrepreneurship, refers to the ability to generate ideas that will culminate in the production of new products, services and technologies. Risk-taking, the second dimension, involves the determination and courage to make resources available for projects that have uncertain outcomes. Attempts are made to manage these risks by researching a market, recruiting and employing skilled staff among other strategies. Proactiveness, the third dimension, indicates top managements stance towards opportunities, encouragement of initiative, competitive aggressiveness and confidence in pursuing enhanced competitiveness (Morris, 1998:18, 41-43). The concept of EI is illustrated in Figure 2.3. The two-dimensional matrix, referred to as the entrepreneurial grid, shows the frequency of entrepreneurial events on the vertical axis, and the degree to which these events are innovative, risk-taking and proactive on the horizontal axis (Morris et al., 2008:69). EI must become a key activity ratio that is monitored on an ongoing basis within organisations. Assessment at the level of the organisation can be used for various purposes: to benchmark and track levels of entrepreneurship; establish norms and draw industry comparisons; establish entrepreneurship goals; develop strategies; and assess relationships between EI and organisation performance variables over time (Morris et al., 2008:78). Figure 2.3: The entrepreneurial grid SOURCE: Morris et al., 2008:70 Secondly, as implied in the definition of Stevenson et al. (1989) entrepreneurship in reality can occur in various organisational contexts (Morris et al., 2008:11). These organisational contexts may range from establishing a new enterprise, growing an existing small business, or innovation within large organisations (Scheepers, 2009:27). In other words, entrepreneurship can also be used to describe entrepreneurial actions within a firm. In this instance, an entrepreneurial firm creates wealth by concentrating on being innovative, proactive, and risk-taking (Ireland, Hitt, Camp Sexton, 2001:51). Corporate entrepreneurship is a term used to describe entrepreneurial behaviour inside existing organisations (Morris et al., 2008:11). Within these different contexts the definition above still applies, since the process and required inputs are similar, even if the outputs differ (Scheepers, 2009), therefore the female entrepreneurial behaviour examined in this study is still regarded as ent repreneurship, even though it may occur in two contexts, namely within a corporate context or in an independent venture. Thirdly, as stipulated in the definition, entrepreneurship can be viewed as a process. Therefore even though entrepreneurship and innovation are inherently unpredictable, chaotic and create ambiguity; entrepreneurship is a process, and as such it can be managed. Entrepreneurial events are characterised by different stages, such as opportunity identification, business concept definition, assessment of the resource requirements, acquisition of the needed resources, and then the management and harvesting of the business (Morris Kuratko, 2002). Finally, the ability to act entrepreneurially is linked to the perception of opportunity. The pursuit of opportunities also emphasises that those opportunities, which create the greatest value, could be exploited. It is important to note that entrepreneurship differs from management. There are important differences between the entrepreneurial and managerial functions, as well as the expertise and competence with regard to each (Nieman et al., 2003:13). Management is a social process of planning, coordination, control, and motivation (Ward, 2008:19). Management thus involves getting things done through other people and is, in a sense, a transformation process, where human, technical, and conceptual skills are used to transform inputs into outputs (Morris et al., 2008:12). Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, is the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson, Roberts Grousback, 1989). Entrepreneurs envision the future, recognise emerging patterns, identify untapped opportunities, and create innovations to exploit those opportunities (Morris et al., 2008:12). Figure 2.4 contrasts the primary roles of the manager with those of the entrepreneur. The figure shows that managers are charged with the efficient and effective utilisation of the resources under their control. They tend to be focussed on optimising current operations. Entrepreneurs, alternatively, demonstrate creative capabilities in obtaining resources, overcoming obstacles, and persisting in implementing new ideas that represent change (Morris et al., 2008:12). Figure 2.4: Comparing and combining key roles of managers and entrepreneurs THE ENTREPRENEURIAL MANAGER SOURCE: Adapted from Morris et al., 2008:13 One of the general approaches to management methods with the purpose of creating a sustainable competitive advantage is that of strategic management (Cronje et al., 2001:24). According to Nieman and Bennett (2002:14), strategy is fundamentally about a fit between the organisations resources and the markets targeted by it, as well as the ability to sustain fit over time and in changing circumstances and to create and maintain a competitive advantage within a given market. Therefore, the nature and characteristics of strategic management is discussed in the following section. 2.6 STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Several schools of thought with different opinions about the nature and scope of strategy can be distinguished from the literature (French, 2009:13). There is also a lack of a universally accepted definition of strategic management. However, central to most definitions is the notion that strategic management is the process through which managers formulate, implement, and monitor action plans to optimise the achievement of key goals (Rwigema Venter, 2004:195). Barney and Arikan (2001:140) define strategic management as a firms theory of how it can gain superior performance in the markets within which it operates. Venkataraman and Sarasvathy (2001:651) define the subject of strategic management as having to do with the methods used to create value and the ensuing struggle to capture a significant share of that value. Hough, Thompson, Strickland and Gamble (2008:4) propose that strategy consists of the competitive moves and business approaches that managers employ in order to grow the firm, attract and please customers, compete successfully, conduct operations, and achieve the targeted levels of organisational performance. For the purpose of the present study strategic management is defined as a process that deals with the long-term entrepreneurial work of the organisation, with organisational renewal and growth, and more particularly, with developing and utilising strategy, which is a guide to the organisations operations (Lyles, 1990:363). Strategic management has gained prominence in recent years as organisations compete in volatile environments (Rwigema Venter, 2004:197). The dynamic environment in which organisations operate poses ongoing management and leadership challenges, marked by complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity (Rwigema Venter, 2004:93). Traditional business models are often no longer applicable and some managers are abandoning conventional approaches to strategy as they search for new ways to achieve a competitive advantage in a turbulent environment. Strategic management paradigms have shifted from essentially static to more dynamic worldviews (Scheepers, 2007:46). To summarise, in todays fast-paced competitive environment, firms face the need to be increasingly nimble and adaptive (Ireland Webb, 2007:49). Ireland et al. (2001:53) state that successfully integrating entrepreneurial and strategic actions improves a firms ability to grow and create wealth. The following section elaborates on the relationship between entrepreneurship and strategic management and on how these two fields overlap. 2.7 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP While the fields of strategic management and entrepreneurship have developed largely independently of each other, they both focus on how firms adapt to environmental change and exploit opportunities created by uncertainties and discontinuities in the creation of wealth (Hitt, Ireland, Camp Sexton, 2001:480; Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:480). Creating wealth is at the heart of both entrepreneurship and strategic management. Figure 2.5 illustrates how firms create wealth by using entrepreneurial actions and strategic actions within different domains. Figure 2.5: Creating wealth through entrepreneurial and strategic actions SOURCE: Ireland et al., 2001:51 As illustrated in Figure 2.5, firms can create wealth by using entrepreneurial actions and strategic actions within different domains. These domains are vital in the process of creating sustainable income streams by developing and exploiting competitive advantages. (Ireland et al., 2001:51). Strategic management and entrepreneurship overlaps in terms of their interest in venture creation, novel strategies, growth and performance of organisations (Scheepers, 2007:46). Entrepreneurship involves identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. However, to create the most value entrepreneurial firms also need to act strategically. An integration of entrepreneurial and strategic thinking is therefore necessary (Hitt et al., 2001:479). In the previous section entrepreneurship was defined as the process of creating value by bringing together a unique combination of resources in order to exploit an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2006:5; Stevenson et al., 1989). As such, entrepreneurial actions, on the one hand, entail creating new resources or combining existing resources in new ways to develop and commercialise new products, move into new markets, and/ or service new customers (Hitt et al., 2001:480). On the other hand, strategic management entails the set of commitments, decisions, and actions designed and executed to produce a competitive advantage and earn above-average returns (Hitt et al., 2001:480). Strategic management thus provides the context for entrepreneurial actions (Ireland, Hitt, Camp Sexton, 2001). Entrepreneurship is about creation; strategic management is about how advantage is established and maintained from what is created (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001). Entrepreneurship is concerned with how the opportunity to create value in society is discovered and acted upon by some individuals. Strategic management is concerned with the methods used to create this value and the ensuing struggle to capture a significant share of that value by individuals and firms (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:650-651). Strategic Management has to do with the achievement of ends obtaining market share, profit and sustained competitive advantage. Then again, entrepreneurship has to do with the achievement of beginnings creating markets, firms and products (Venkataraman Sarasvathy, 2001:651). Thus, entrepreneurial and strategic perspectives should be integrated to examine entrepreneurial behaviour. For the purpose of the present study this approach is called strategic entrepreneurial behaviour (SEB). SEB is entrepreneurial action and behaviour with a strategic perspective. It is the integration of entrepreneurial (i.e. opportunity-seeking behaviour) and strategic (i.e. advantage-seeking behaviour) perspectives in developing and taking actions to create wealth (Hitt et al., 2001:480-481). 2.8 CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter attempts to provide perspective on the position of this study within the broad field of economics and business management. It defines the concept of business management as satisfying consumer needs with a limited amount of resources, through the planning, coordination, control, and motivation of these resources. Based on this definition of business management, the chapter provides an explanation of how business management stems from economics. Economics is defined as the allocation of scarce resources in order to fulfil the unlimited needs of society. This section leads to a discussion of the relationship between economics and business management. The main link between economics and business management is that the one studies the economic system as a whole, while the other studies a single component of that system.

Directing Macbeth Essay -- Drama

Directing Macbeth SCENE 1 It begins in a smoky hall; dark lighting and shadows are all you can see. A CD player is going at full volume in the background. We sweep across the dirty floor until a lead guitar, (not expensive but very well used), lays at the feet of a handsome young boy of about 16. He has thick black hair, just covering his striking blue eyes and perfect skin. We spread out a bit and see Macbeth's best friend, Banquo's shadowy face. Ginger curly hair shows up in the near darkness under his blue fisherman's hat. A BCU on Banquo's face shows us that he has bright green eyes. In these eyes, we see the doorframe and a shard of light as the door opens. We spin round as light and noise of the cars outside streams in. Another group walk in past the other three people sitting on the floor with Macbeth. This is the first time we have seen these people, two other boys and one girl all about the same age. This girl is Lady Macbeth. She is wearing a red tight top and a lot of make-up. The red top is to show the blood that she will shed and the make-up is to show the mask that she puts on later in the film. We have a view of the other group's legs and as they walk past, Macbeth's group looks jealous and cruel. The cd is turned off and Macbeth and Banquo scowl at each other, they are jealous of the other bands good favour with the record manager. There was another band here before and their record deal is called King. The lead guitarist is called Duncan. A white piece of fabric is pulled out of the still open door, as if on a dress. Macbeth's face is still in this shot, in the foreground but very much out of focus. Children's laughter is heard and Macbeth turns his head just as the door slams shut. We now speed through the smoke to a clipboard on a desk between two pairs of suited shoulders. Here is written "Thaine of Glamis" with Macbeth's name written on it and a paragraph of writing, Thaine of Cawdor with Freddie written next to it and also a paragraph of writing. At the very top of the page "King" is written with "Duncan" next to it. We now focus on the face of one of the two pairs of shoulders. He is beaming at the band who are playing and as they finish, he goes up to the lead singer and embraces him. He is large and fat with a bald spot on the back of his head. The other pair of shoulders is his secretary ... ...s side, unnoticed. Banquo laughs at him with the other two witches, goes to his side and starts his speech "good sir why do you start and seem to fear, things that do sound so fair," to Macbeth. Banquo thinks that this is a game, some thing made up by these young children and he starts to play along, "that he seems rapt withal- to me you speak not." He continues in this way, egging Macbeth on, while the witches group together again. Macbeth is standing alone by himself. The witches hold hands in a circle around Banquo and skip. They say these last few lines in the same tune from "Ring'a'ring'roses" they turn to run away after this but Macbeth says "stay you imperfect speakers" all the way to "Speak I Charge you". They all sing ring a ring a roses (the original words) while standing in the places they stopped, spread out on the green distant girls laughter comes and goes. At "they all fall DOWN" we have a close up of the main witches eyes then of Macbeth' eyes then of the main witch, when "Down" is shouted the witches suddenly vanish leaving the boys back in the roadside and the noise of the cars and guitar bass again is Deafening. We zoom right out matrix style.