Sunday, March 31, 2019

Graphene Is The Future Philosophy Essay

Graphene Is The Future Philosophy EssayThis cut across each(prenominal)ow contain a brief history of, a main body, nigh properties of and a main description of a literal called Graphene. A tiptop visible. Wi subtile the sub categories and different pages of the report you get out come to queue up step up for yourself just how amazing and the seamlessly endless possibilities of this wonderful corporeal.When a reinvigorated veridical has been discovered it brings young and excite multiplication to the scientific and expert world. With a bleak visible you adjudge the opportunities to take a olfaction back on previous unsolved problems and alike bring new aces to the table. For the first time ever scientists have been able to isolate ace two-dimensional atomic bottoms of atoms. These argon one of if non the slendernest poppycock cognise to man in like manner just so happens to have the strongest bewilder in nature, the C-C link up.To accompany the report alo ng the fashion you pass on stupefy images and artwork of the overseer material in its varying form.Also in the report you allow come across the properties of graphene and go forth see that in so many ways that this super material far exceeds possibly all other materials in comparison to itself.A brief description close to GrapheneGraphene is what we call a 2D material it derives from a integrity level of graphite. Its structure is made of carbon atoms arranged in a fret want structure similar to a chicken wire. Even though graphene is the thinnest material today it also is the strongest material today. Graphene conducts electricity as efficiently if not better than copper and has no comparison in its office to conduct heat. Graphene is al virtually completely transp arnt giving it an already futurist look.The way it breaks d admit isGraphite = 3D material Graphene = 2D materialNanotube = 1D material Buckyball = 0D materialBrief HistoryAlthough graphene has been a known material since 1857 and many people have been trying to find a way to work on or produce graphene in a way that could be apply commercially an answer was not forthcoming until the work of Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov. The work that these produced in the University of Manchester in the year of 2007 was to constrain ground breaking when it came to the super material graphene.Almost everything had been discovered to the superiorest degree graphene everything except the properties of the material and this intrigued Andre, who then asked a recently graduated learner Kostya in 2002 to see how thin he could film a single piece of graphite by radiateing it down. As they could not dumb set in motion thin enough slices the work continued until 2004. At first Kostya could not find a way to get thin enough slices from the graphite, Andre asked his friends and colleagues and a senior member by the name of Oleg Shklyarevskii said to Andre that the piece of memorialize that they phys ical exertiond to peel of beds of graphite would have thinner layers than trying to polish it down. From there on the work on finding the properties of graphene began.Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov went on to attract the Nobel Prize in 2007 in physics for their work they achieved on graphene.Timeline of the most recent entries of grapheme1947 Graphene first studied as a restrain case for theoretical work on graphite by Phillip Wallace1966 prototypal attempts to grow multilayer graphite Hess W M and Ban L L also Karu A E and Beer M1984 Massless explosive charge carriers in graphene pointed out theoretically by Gordon Walter Semenoff , David P. DeVincenzo and Eugene J. Mele1987 Name graphene first mentioned by S. Mouras and co-workers2004 Graphene isolated in free form by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov2004 Observation of graphenes ambipolar field loading by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov2005 Anomalous quantum hall effect detected showing massless nature of charge carriers in g raphene Andre and Kostya and by Philip Kim and Yuanbo Zhang2006 Quantum Hall effect seen at room temperature by Novoselov et. Al.2007 The first ever detection of a single molecule adsorption correctt by Schedin et. al.2008 Measurements of extremely high carrier mobility by Bolotin et. al.2010 Andre and Kostya were awarded the Nobel look upon in physics for their work on graphene.Main BodyGraphene is the super material that will change the rising of this world. Between its outstanding electric and amazing mechanical properties there is just no other material that even comes remotely close to the potential this material possesses. When Andre and Konstantin revealed their work on graphene not even they could have foreseen what an impact this new and wonderful material would bring to the world. Graphene will forever shape our future.Although graphene at the moment is calm down not a household name it most indefinitely will be in the very near future. It will be used in almost everyt hing from super-com defineers to your mobile phone, from separating water from other substances, from creating a futuristic world and to improving the properties of other widely used materials.When the world has found a way of mass producing graphene in a commercial way the world itself will change. Moores law states that computer power will trope every 18 months up to and until the point where our ti mint no longer take it passed the barrier, the barrier being that silicon corporation alone conduct electricity at a certain speed, graphene smashes that speed. If you look at the world and technology 10 years ago and think what it is like now there has been a massive change and improvement in the scientific and technological world as we know it. Graphene with its superior properties will take us even further in to the future, on its own and by improving materials and substances of today.Properties of GrapheneAlthough just one atom thick, graphene posses outstanding mechanical, e lectronic, optical, thermal and chemical properties, described below.Graphene is a one atom thick planing machine made of carbon atoms, arranged in a honeycomb (hexagonal) lattice.Its crown was measured to be just 0.33nm, almost one million propagation thinner than a human h transmitGraphene is the ultimate 2-dimensional carbon molecule.Graphite, the intumesce known 3-dimensional carbon allotrope found in our pencils, is nothing more than than a stack of several graphene planes.Graphene shares its structure with two other materials which are exciting todays scientists carbon nanotubes and fullerenes (also called bucky-balls), seen as a 1-dimension and 0-dimension rolled pieces of graphene.Electronic PropertiesGraphene is a bang-up if not thee best conductor of electrons. The electrons are able to flow with graphene more easily than copper, they travel through the graphene sheet as if they send no mass, as fast as just one one percent that of the speed of light.The main mat erial in computer chips today is silicon but in order to create faster and more ameliorate computers we needed a new material to take us there. Graphene is that materialMechanical PropertiesTo calculate the strength of graphene, scientists used a technique called nuclear Force Microscopy. By pressing graphene that was lying on top of greenback wells, they measured just how far you can push graphene with a pocketable tip without breaking it.It was found that graphene is harder thandiamondand about 300 times harder than leaf blade. To put this into context, it will take the weight of an elephant balanced on a needle-point in order to break this one atom thick cloth The tensile strength of graphene exceeds 1 TPa.Even though graphene is so robust, it is also very stretchable. You can stretch graphene up to 20% of its initial length. It is anticipate that graphenes mechanical properties will find applications into fashioning a new contemporaries of super strong composite materials and along combined with its optical properties, do flexible displays.Optical PropertiesGraphene, despite being the thinnest material ever made, is legato visible to the naked eye. Due to its uncomparable electronic properties, it absorbs a high 2.3% of light that passes through it, which is enough that you can see it in air (if you could manage to hold it up).To help enhance the visibility of graphene flakes we restore them on to silicon wafers which have a thin surface layer of silicon dioxide. Light shining on to these three-layer structures will be part transmitted and partially reflected at each interface.This leads to complex optical to-do effects such that, depending on the thickness of the silicon-dioxide layer (which we can ensure to a high degree of accuracy), some colours are intensify and some are suppressed. This technique takes advantage of the same physics which causes the rainbow effect that you see when you have a thin layer of oil undirected on water. In t his case, the different colours correspond to longer/shorter optical path lengths that the light has had to travel through the oil film.Those above are the most common attributes of graphene but there are a hardly a(prenominal) more. What you are about to read will come across as something straight out of a science fiction movie or novel, graphene can heal itself thats right heal itself, because of the fact that graphene is only one atomic layer thick it seeks out other atoms to bond to, so it grabs the other graphite atoms around it closing the gap and essentially improve itself. But it doesnt forget there as graphene is so thin it can be gived over other materials giving it a graphene surface which in turn improves the material it has been placed on top of. If you place that membrane of graphene over copper it will almost completely stop the copper rusting creating longer lasting materials.Graphene is tougher than diamond previously conceit of as the hardest material on eart h and 300 times stronger than steel stock-still is so ductile than it can bend, paving the way for a future where you can fold up your mobile phone and put it in your pocket.Graphene has also been found able to distil water fashioning it cleaner. The uses for this could almost wipe out diseases spread where water is contaminated, creating healthier and greater living conditions.The list of properties and applications of graphene grow almost on a mundane basis and bring with it new and innovative ideas to the world.Future ApplicationsThe future applications of graphene are almost limitless, because of the abundance of properties that graphene has people, science and technology will be inventing new and wonderful ways to integrate it into our world. With graphene being so thin only so strong there are markets for it such paper thin flexible displays for televisions, watches and phones.When it comes to our computers and the chips inside them that are used control them the material that we use is silicon, but there is only so much that silicon can do and so far it can take our computers today, this is where graphene comes in. Graphene because of its amazing electric properties it will be the material to take our computers into the future.Graphene being so thin it can be cut or crumbled into small flakes and introduced to other materials to make a composite material. If you added the graphene flakes to plastic to make a composite material that way it could be used to make a lighter and conductive material for aircraft making it trenchant against lightning and because of it being lighter it will also be fuel efficient.Graphene can also be introduced to other material in such a way as a bond, if you bond graphene to the likes of copper it will reduce the amount and time it takes for the copper to oxidise or rust. Thus making the copper last longer and experience more efficient.ConclusionGraphene the material that can barely be seen yet will change the world in so many ways. From its unique ability to heal itself to its incredible strength down to its incomparable ability to conduct electricity. This amazing material has no boundaries.Graphene although not yet a household name in many peoples eyes will before long become a well known worldwide phenomenon. Just as everyone wants the new latest technology or gadgets on the market, people will want the new technology, materials and computers that have graphene in them.Graphene the super material has no limits to what it can achieve. With its unbelievable properties and applications in so many fields, the possibilities are endless. Graphene will change our future to cleaning up the water in Africa to making materials that are in use today become more effective and sustainable in a way that if you put a graphene, layer over copper it will reduce the amount of time it takes to oxidate and rust, making it a more efficient material. It can also be used for composite materials so if you take one material and bond it to another it makes a composite material, if you put graphene with a plastic t will create a lightweight material that can stand pat lightning which would be extremely useful in aircrafts, making them lighter and more fuel efficient. Graphene has many different properties ranging from the normal to the extreme and to some that even seem straight out of a science fiction novel.Graphene is the material that will make our technology today seem like we have been using caveman techniques for the past 10 years.It is the material that will plunge the world up and throw it in to a brighter and better future.Graphene is the future

Saturday, March 30, 2019

Factors Affecting the Global Nursing Shortage

Factors Affecting the Global Nursing ShortageNursing shortfall has extendd greatly and rapidly in recent years with good give wayed hospital trunks. However, as considering go for labor at atomic shape 53ment, commitment, and select of thrill as a signifi burn wadt discharges for wellness c atomic list 18 presidencys, on that point atomic number 18 high direct of swage rate and stave absenteeism. Nevertheless, fulfil suckles atomic number 18 more(prenominal) commitment impart high aim of performance, and creative. Moreover, whatever(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) studies father demonstrated the congenericship in the midst of post gladness, patient whole step gladness, and the pure tone of beard wish wellspring (AL-Hussami, 2008).It found that book contentment is affected by several constituents. Higgins (1999) tiptop out, nurses occupy piddle a great sense of satisfaction at heart the strain if they dally autonomously, and empowered them self. While Chen-chug, Samuels and Judith (2003) indicated that health interest policies puddle an affect on business concern for satisfaction as an effective policies go away meet the rung require and be more satisfied. Work cerebrate factors such(prenominal) as become load and stress, clinical supervision, salary, takeership style, and pauperization ar the most related factors related to commercial enterprise satisfaction among the nurses (Bartram, Joiner, and Stanton AL-Hussami 2008)Working as a c ar for demonstrator at King Abdu Aziz University (KAAU) and acting as a clinical instructor in the university hospital (KAAUH) with consider to nurse management, I check a professional interest to enhancing the persona of nurse maintenance by depicting the associated factors of craft dissatisfaction.Embarking on this field cipher, the fol dispiriteding paper declare oneself focus but on the methods of practicing supposition-based and acqui red nurse knowledge by employing Herzberg business line satisfaction speculation into the environment of improving the quality of nursing c ar and to be satisfied with the note in KAAUH. First of all, blame of my determine by using Carper model leave behind be arrayed. Secondly, the pattern of transaction satisfaction allow for be restrain. Then a detailed description of Herzberg supposition volition be discussed. Finally, applying of Herzberg conjecture in to consecrate to imbibe a high crinkle satisfaction among nurses will be explained.AestheticIn this experience I tried to keep open a healthful attain environment with a high quality of cargon by reducing the direct of stress and anxiety for twain the rung nurse and the patient. Moreover, I was seeking to have an effective conference and tellingship with this patient to be more relaxed and satisfied with the provided c atomic number 18. Also, the patient natural rubber is an classic outgrowth should be considered in this situation as the nurse was complaining from insufficient knowledge about choosing the entrance vein and the good skills to insert the spatenula. So, I asked her to go for a rest and seek for a help from the some some other rounds to insert the send awaynula for several reasons. The nurse can be more relaxed without dealing with this patient in this situation. Moreover, in determine to quash the possibility of conflict. In addition, to chief(prenominal)tain the safety for the patient by hold open the occurrence of the complications. So, the patient will be in the safe way, more comfortable and satisfied with the provided circumspection and no more complain can be documented. However, I felt that the nurse was truly confuse and she had a low self esteem of what she did, precisely she did non recognized that this is the trump out action for both of them.PersonalAs a human existence I generalise the train of the pain and anxiety that this patien t was encountered. I felt and I knew that the patient needs a help from the other health grapple providers to be survived by avoiding the dealing with this irritated cater. Moreover, I recognised that he was aggressive with the nurse not be sustain she is a nurse, but because of his feeling of pain and high train of anxiety. One of the main issues in this situation was the communication. There was no communication and no trust relationship. As the nurse patient relationship is really great to develop a have and trust surrounded by them which is considered as a significant issue slice providing the c ar. The communication process mingled with the nurse and the patient was brooked down that cause a violent behaviour from the patient.EthicsI specify I have managed the situation probably in the right way. The function load and the in appropriate skills could lead to the nursing error which affects on the patients outcomes. As with this experience the patient has the possib ility of cannula complication. Moreover, the inability to communicate, understands the patient culture, provide a support and the explaining the problem will increase the aim of anxiety and wince the quality of care. In addition, to understand the nursing profession and their roles is in truth important concern to enhance the communication and the nurse patient relationship. I exhaust to avoid looking to the nursing cable as a dangerous reflect is very important to the nurse to practice and provide the care with high level of confident. Moreover, I am as a nurse needs more attention from the hospital organization and from my nurse managing director to develop my career by increasing the level of knowledge. Furthermore, reduce the work overload by suitable stave allocation is an immanent. As it is cognize that the emergency segment has crowded patients with different symptoms. In this situation I feel that the nurse manager should allocate devil able faculty in each obs ervational room to decrease the workload possibility.Empirics superior in the health care is defined as performing, practicing and providing the care order to the patients in the appropriate time and way to achieve the excellence and have a best patients outcomes. It vizord that the hospitals with satisfied nurses and low rate of nurses turnover are providing a high quality of care and this could be impart in patient satisfaction with the loose care.Nurse catering has a major(ip) role on the patients safety and their outcomes. Evidence based practice reviewed 26 studies of nursing staffing and the patients outcomes. It has inform that the low nurse staff the more clients adverse affects such as pressure sore. Furthermore, it found that in that respect are several factors contributing to the low staff nurses in the hospitals. Workload in the harbor with few staff nurses can lead to m either effects such as work stress which is identified as the main bulwark of providing a high quality of care. Stress among nursing staff could be result from m whatever different reasons. According to Ditzel.E.M stress is duo to the workload, prospicient hour shifts and the type of the task or procedure. Moreover, nursing participation in the patient care plan is a significant issue to provide a high quality of care. It has demonstrated that a good piece will result a good outcomes. In addition, the high quality of care can be performed with a high level of knowledge. So, the staff development and continuing education is very crucial in any hospital to produce high qualified and satisfied nurses.At the contain of the reflection, it acknowledged that logical argument satisfaction is identified as concept that will be clearly defined and state of matterd in the next theatrical role based on evidence.ConceptIn all hospitals throughout the world, it seems that the main concern of the patient is to receive a good quality of nursing care and to be treated properly. M oreover, nurses are demonstrating their knowledge and skills fleck talent the care, and dedicate the patients to feel more comfortable through providing the appropriate support for them as a human being ( ). In addition, the quality of care is known as practicing accurately, at the correct time and way for the appropriate person to achieve an excellent result by providing safety, efficiently, timely and concentrate on patients (Wisconsin hospital Association 2009). Therefore, to provide a high quality of nursing care through the hospital organizations, the nurses should be satisfied with their stage business which is considered as a significant issue for the patients, hospitals and for themselves ( form _or_ system of government, 2008). Nursing care has been examined, explained, and defined through the literature during the past few decades by a number of researchers. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that there is a connection in the midst of the nursing satisfactio n and the quality of provided care. To some extent, displease nurses with their job will lead to higher rate of patients harmful outcomes (Stanton, 2004). As it found that nursing satisfaction is creating a chain, high level of nursing satisfaction lead to high quality of care and this can result in patient satisfaction within the care (Weiss, 2002). Complementing these studies the other studies have evident that low job satisfaction will affect on the quality of care and wake the plan to leave the career among nurses. Moreover, this issue is considered as a challenge which facing the health care organizations (Buchan and Aiken, 2008). Therefore, define job satisfaction defined asA pleasurable emotional state resulting from the approximation of ones job, an affective reaction to ones job, and an attitude towards ones job(Weiss, 2002).It revealed that nursing satisfaction is associated with many several factors that could affect on the quality of care. As a numerous studies have d iscovered that work related factors play an important role in nursing satisfaction. Al-ahmadi,H conducted a study to find out the reasons of job dissatisfaction among Saudi nurses, and she found that the job performance and the organizational commitment are potently affect on the level of job satisfaction. In 2009, Ditzel.E demonstrated that the workload is identified as essential factor which reduce the level of job satisfaction among the nurses and lead to increase the job stress which result in harmful outcomes. Furthermore, based on the review of nine articles Comber and Barriball (2007) have inform that the contributing factors related to the work environment are important with nursing turnover more than the demographic factors. Nurses salary is identified as one of the essential factors of nursing satisfaction. However, some finding claimed that nurses salary do not affect on their work, While other studies have shown the connection between the salary and level of job satis faction among the nurses. Trembly et al., have argued that the in decorous salary could be a main reason for some nurses and permit them to quit. Staff development and continuing education has a significant impact on nursing ability to produce high quality of care. educational programs which are offered by the health care organizations will increase the level of the knowledge to produce a high quality of care and press out the possibility of nursing errors. Although previous researchers have identified that nurses careers have unlike stages, a few papers have recognized that nursing job required different programs to respond to their need(Chang, Chou and Cheng, 2007).Considering the Patient safety it seems that it is the major source of dissatisfaction to most of the nurses. The nurses were unconfident and felt guilty as they were unable to provide the appropriate care (Stanton, 2004). Consequently, the concept of job satisfaction is very crucial as it will affect on their level of performance.Herzberg supposition overviewIn this section Herzbergs surmise of motivation is identified as the most appropriate conjecture that can increase the level of nursing satisfaction, and to provide the patient safety . To in effect apply Herzberg surmisal in to practice, one needs to fully establish an understanding of the concept and the supposition. So, Herzbergs opening of job satisfaction and its feasibility will be clearly described.Frederick Herzbergs is a psychologist who creates the theory of motivation in the late of 1959s and it is known as two factor theory (Marquis and Huston, 2003). In this theory, Herzberg apply Maslows general theory of motivation particularly in work motivation (Huber, 2006). The theory was developed after interviewing two groups of employees to station the main reasons of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. From this interview Herzberg elucidates the contributing factors that act the staffs throughout categorizing their indivi dual requirements. Herzberg wrote a phrase which is saidWe can expand by stating that the job satisfiers deal with the factors involved in doing the job, whereas the job dissatisfies deal with the factors which define the job context. (Herzberg, 1959).Herzberg states that the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are two different phenomenons (Sullivan and Decker, 2005). Furthermore, the theory developed through two dimensions to job satisfaction. It is based on theconcept that motivation can bedivided into hygienics factors and motivation factors. Moreover, the theory concludes that there are two type of motivation (Syptak, Marsland and Ulmer 1999).According to Herzberg (1959), hygienics Factors are not motivates the employees, but these factors can affect on the level of dissatisfaction in other word, this factors will decrease the dissatisfaction among the staffs. Hygiene factors incorporate supervision, interpersonal relations, physical working conditions, and salary. Hence, the se factors are related to the environment and lead to dissatisfaction. On the other hands, the motivator factors seems to be the factors that can motivate the employee by sweetened the individuals requirements and needs for personal development as they are associated to the job itself. inducing factors include transaction, advancement, recognition and responsibility.It appears that with the equal hygiene factors, the staffs would be not dissatisfied and enough motivators need to be existing to enhance the level of job satisfaction (Huber, 2006). It is important to broadside that the opposite of dissatisfaction could not be satisfaction as well as the lack of motivators does not lead to dissatisfaction (Marquis and Huston, 2003). For example, if the hygiene factors are at low level, the staffs will be unsatisfied, and when the hygiene factors are at high level the staffs are not dissatisfies, but they are not motivated for higher performance. Conversely, when the motivators are at high level the staffs will be satisfied and provide a high level of quality (Manisera, Dusseldrop and Kooij, 2005).Critical analysisHerzbergs theory is adequate he whole addressed his theory. This theory of motivation is clear and understandable as it makes the others to understand the nature of the job satisfaction by introducing these two factors of motivation. Herzberg developed his theory by using the study of Maslow, but he focused exclusively on the work structure. However, he did not define the concept of job satisfaction, but he identified and states the two factors that affect on the job satisfaction. Herzberg recognized the two main factors which are the main component of his theory. inducement and hygiene factors are simply described and explained by Herzberg. This theory is astray applicable and being used in restructuring and designing the work in many organizations, as Herzberg identified the significant needs for the staff to be motivated and to increase the le vel of productivity. Based on the two factors of Herzbergs theory, denudate (2004) demonstrates that the nurse managers are deliberating the motivation factors when they prepare and apply the policies to recruit and protect the nurses for a long period of time. In addition, the managers may also take into consideration the hygiene factors such as salary, as the very well paid is normally the answer for long term problems.There are nemoures studies have supported herzbergs theory. Lundberg ,Gudmundson and andersson (2009) have tested Herzbergs theory in hospitality and tourism management. They found that this theory has been used widely in several contexts. For instance, a study of Parsons and Broadbrides (2006) cited by Lundberg, Gudmundson and andersson (2009), they utilise herzbergs classification of intrinsic factors sauch as responsibility, work itself and recognition, and adventitious factors as working conditions and salary. The significant results reported that there is a high level of satisfaction with intrinsic factors, and low level of satisfaction with extrinsic factors which indicates the agreement with herzbergs theor. Furthermore, a conducted study of Furnham, Forde and Ferraris (1999) gave an example of herzbergs theory application in a study of personality and work motivation, they conclude that motivation factors are significant in the workplace, while heygiene factors are more critical in selecting a job. Beside these studies, herzbergs two factor theory was applied in a study of nurses satisfaction within nursing crare and work in psychatric units (swedish study), it revealed that this theory support the purpose of clinical supervision which had a convinced effect on nursing satisfaction (Rask and Levander, 2002). Friedlanders (1963) carried out a study that show the agreement with herzbergs theory. In 1963 Friedlanders examined a 17 stage questionnaire which treasure the value of each item as a cause of employee satisfaction. In his result he found that there are third factors, two of these factors were matched with herzbergs two factors hyiegene and motivation, on the other hand the third factor derived from both hyegiene and motivation factors. Moreover, a further study reveald that the results were supported to herzbergs theory was conducted by Halpern (1966). Halpern had 93 subject and they were asked regarding the aspect of liked job on a 7 item scale. In the results he discovered that there are two points, which are satisfaction with the work itself and achievments opportunities, are reported as the best concerns in a liked job. In addition, he added that all of his subjects were satisfied with herzbergs two factors hyiegene and motivation similarly.However, this theory resulted in over more controversy in the work place. Part of the argument was due to present the salary as a factor that does not play a role in job satisfaction (Manisera et al., 2005), while Trembly et al., argued that the in adequate salary could be a main reason for some staff for let them to quit. Moreover, some critics do not recognize the clarity between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation (Huber, 2006 Marquis and Huston, 2003 Manisera et al., 2005). Nevertheless, it appeared that part of the doubt most Herzberg theory was in Herzberg methodology and the lack of identifying the relationship between the two variables. Basically, Herzberg was collected his data by interviewing and questioning the employee with two situations related to their job experience. Firstly, they asked to think of time that they feel satisfied and dissatisfied with the job. Secondly, they asked to discuss their situations and identify the factors associated to their satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the job. Lindsay, Marks and Gorlow (1967) have examined the Herzberg methodology. They reported that Herzberg did not control the number of situations form a given employee, or either the number of the associated factors of their jo b. They argued that this theory did not state the relation and the effects between these two variables which are hygiene and motivator factors to the job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Furthermore, it found that according to Herzberg preeminence in his methodology, he will gain different results (Furnham et al., 1999). it is important to notice that the literature have demonestrated other studies that showed the disagreement with herzberg theory. Lindsay et al., (1967) revealed that the results of their study have shown that the staff will be satisfied with their success on a job even if there is a lack in the organization policies, or if there are inadequate environments around the job. However, workers who do not experience as if they have a great achievement on their job will be dissatisfied even if the environments around the job are helpful. Therefore, these results are obviously inconsistent with Herzbergs argument that there is no relation between the two factors. In addi tion, several studies evident that motivator factors are very significant more than hygiene factors in relation to satisfaction, while Herzberg did not refer to this point in his theory. Furnham et al., (1999) indicate that how can this theory used within the organisations without state the difference of persons gender, culture and age group. However, cardinal main studies demonstrated that their results were supportive with Herzbergs result that hyiegne factors lead to dissatisfaction, and motivator factors lead to satisfaction (Mayers 1964 Saleh 1964 Schewartz, Jenusaitis and Stark, 1963). Moreover, the theory is still valid, applicable, and useful to applied in any management organisation (Furnham, et al., 1999 Lundberg et al., 2009).To sum up, it believed that Herzbergs theory is being used in various management contexts such as nursing satisfaction, hospitality and tourism management, and in a personality and motivation study. Despite of that fact that this theory is useful, i t found that there are a limitation within this theory within the methodology and the relation between these two factors where few studies state that there is a relation.Theory into practiceBasically, using Herzberg theory in any health care organization will motivate the staff and increase their level of satisfaction. Considering the two factors theory, the organizations will be noticed a plenty of changes among their staff on various levels (Byrne, 2006).Herzbergs theory is widely used in the management and nursing organizations. For instance, this theory is used to increase nursing satisfaction in psychiatric unit. Applying Herzberg theory in King Abdul Aziz University Hospital (KAAUH) to increase the level of satisfaction will be as spare-time activityHygiene factorsDespite the fact that hygiene factors (policy, supervision, interpersonal relation, work environment, and salary) are not considering as the source of the job satisfaction, it is important to treat these factors in effect in KAAUH to generate a good environment with satisfied staff and high quality of care.The health care policy is essential in any health care organization. Moreover, the purpose of the policy is to provide a plan of action or instructions to guide decisions and achieve the organization outcomes, increase the quality of care, and staff satisfaction (Huber 2006). However, the nurses involvement in the health policy at KAAUH is very important as it affects on the nurses care and the profession itself. Nurses participation in the health policy as policy makers will make significant changes in the nursing practice, education, responsibilities and roles. It found that the nursing practice has an impact on health care policy (Finkelman 2006 McCloskey, 2004). As a result, the contribution of nurses in health policy is significant in order to raise the level of job satisfaction.Although nursing involvement in the health policy is crucial, the health care policies can be a source of dis satisfaction among the staff nurses (Syptak et al., 1999). However, the policy at KAUH should be clear, easy and should be followed. Moreover, it is important that the policy should be applicable, and easy to access for all the staff by having manual copies in each word. Furthermore, the policies must be updated and consider on the evidence based researchers to enhance the quality of care and patients safety.With regard to clinical supervision, it seems that it strongly affect on job satisfaction, turnover, and the quality of care (Kristiina, Kaija andRiina, 2006). In the ground of increase the job satisfaction among new qualified nurses at KAUH, a mentorship program can be applied effectively to reduce the turnover rate and increase the level of performance. Mentorship is known as supportive relationship recognized between the mentor and the mentee, where the knowledge, skills, and experiences are overlap through the supervision role (Curtis, 2003). Consequently, Mentors play a critical role in supporting, teaching and assessing the practice which lead to increase nursing satisfaction and improve the quality of care and patients safety (ButtelWorth, 1995). In order to provide an adequate supervision in the clinical area, there are some responsibilities for the supervision. The supervisor at KAAUH should give a clear and positive feedback to make the staffs feel that they can trust their supervisor. Furthermore, the reliable and fairly approach to evaluate the staff performance is very significant issue to consider in this hospital. In addition, this role required leadership skills to treat with all staff equally (ButtelWorth, 1995 Syptak et al., 1999).Considering the interpersonal relation at KAAUH, it can be observe through the process of socializing. With the important role of the nurse manager, there will be an interpersonal interaction between the staff to convey knowledge, value, and supporting each other to achieve their goals (Huber2006). Furtherm ore, it is important to notice that socializing is very essential process in particular with the new qualified nurses, to have a successful work transition, and reduce the risk of getting outrage at KAAUH (Huber 2006). Therefore, the staffs can cultivate their teamwork by their socializing (Syptak et al., 1999).It is important to notice that the working environment has an impact on the level of quality care and patient safety (Rashotte, 2008). Therefore, the health care organization at KAAUH should provide a healthy work environment for the nurses to be satisfied with the level of giving care and enhance the quality. Moreover, all the facilities, and required equipments are important to be available with an appropriate allocation of the personnel and adequate nurse patient ratio to avoid the possibility of overload. In addition, beside the physical environment, it is important that the organization at KAUH should motivate the staff to believe that their role is very critical in pro viding the care to increase their confidence and self esteem. It can be seen that through the staffs contribution in to practice, and good relationship with the other health care professions to work as teamwork, will resulted in a positive outcomes and high quality of care for the patients (Boughton, 2009 Rashotte, 2008 Syptak et al., 1999).Salary is considered as a controversial topic among the nurses and the health care organizations. The staff at KAAUH wants to be paid equally and fairly and not depend on the nationalities as the Indian and Filipinos salary are less that Saudis salary. In addition, if the staffs are not well paid they will not be satisfied with their work (swansburg. J and swansburg. C, 1999).2. Motivator factorsMotivation factors ( responsibility, achievement, honour) are significant factors to be satisfied with the staff performance. However, the staff can be pleased with these factors only when the staff starts to the work, in contrast to hygiene factors whic h do not recognized how much the hard work is.One way of increasing the level of job satisfaction and motivate staff nurses in KAAUH is by giving them the emancipation and the power to perform their tasks. Therefore, they will feel that they are capable and trustworthy within the quality of the care. Generally, as they become advance in their work they will add more responsibility. However, the added responsibility should be meaningful and arouse and not in sequence of overload. For example, the nurse manger can motivate their staff in the terms of increasing the accountability through the representation process to develop new skills (Syptak et al., 1999).Achievement is the staffs aspect within the work and in the beginning of their career to be succeeded. To assist them in KAAUH, it is very important that the employees are allocated in the right position, so they can practice their skills, knowledge, and avoid the risk of work overload. Moreover, goals, policies, and standards at KAAUH should be clear for the staff nurses to follow. Furthermore, the staffs must be given a frequent, timely feedback on how they are doing within the work. Therefore, when the individuals have a success and achievement with the work at KAAUH, they need to be recognized for their achievement. Recognition of job performance is essential to staff nurse confidence and self esteem. It seems that acknowledgement and praise nurses achievement for a good handling of the situations are very significant issue to be considered by the nurse manager at KAAUH (Syptak et al., 1999 Coughlin, 2000).In terms of compensateing the staff for their achievement, it appeared as a good motivator to raise the level of their satisfaction at KAUH. However, there are different types of rewarding the staff nurses. The rewards can be pecuniary and non-financial. Financial is monetary while the non-financial is a psychological rewards. Rewarding staff in KAAUH by giving the opportunity of continuing educat ion is one type in relation to the advancement. According to Gieter et al., (2006) they demonstrated that the non-financial and psychological rewards are more important than the financial rewards. It can be evident that with the development of clinical advancement department in KAAUH, participating of education department and the role of the nurse managers to reward their staff in the hospital, the nurses will have the opportunity to advance their level of practice through several courses or conferences, knowledge, and the chance to conduct nursing research by supporting them as a reward for their achievement.To conclude, applying Herzbergs theory into KAAUH seems to experience some difficulties. Through this organization it is difficult to maintain a socializing between the staff. As a result of nursing shortage, there is no time for the staff to be socialized even though it is hard for the nurse manager to make an arrangement for it. Moreover, it appeared that rewarding system or department is not existed in this hospital, which requires an administrative support to develop it. However, while applying this theory, it seems that there is a considerable relation between hygiene and motivator factors which is not mentioned by Herzberg. Nevertheless, it is useful and applicable with salary, supervision, working environment, policy, and resposibility to provide a high productivity level.ConclusionNursing satisfaction is considered as the main concern for the all health care organizations in order to reduce the turnover rate. This paper suggests that through the concept definition of job satisfaction, high level of job satisfaction will improve the quality of nursing care, and lead to patient satisfaction. Moreover, Herzberg has identified two main factors that can be applied by many organizations to increase the level of staff satisfaction. Hygiene factors is related to job dissatisfaction, while motivation factors leading to job satisfaction. This theory has bee n used in several studies, nursing studies as well as management studies. Nursing studies applied Herzberg theory to increase their satisfaction in several aspects such as clinical supervision, rewarding and achievements, where as this paper attempted to apply the two factors theory (motivation and hygiene) in KAAUH to increase the satisfaction and enhance nursing care. It evident that Herzbergs theory is clear, adequate, consistent, and it has been widely used effectively. However, the debate of this theory was in the methodology, and the inability to recognize the relationship between these two variables (Lindsay, Marks and Gorlow 1967). Furthermore, the inability to differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation is reported as a critique of this theory (Huber. D 2006, Marquis. B, Huston. C 2003, Manisera. M et al., 2005). It should be noted that applying thi

Traditional File Systems Essay

Traditional File frames EssayThe traditional filing governance (TFS) is a method of storing and arranging computer archives and the schooling in the record ( in coiffeion). Basicall(a)y it organizes these blames into a entropybase for the storage, musical arrangement, manipulation, and retrieval by the computers operating carcass of rules.(selective informationbase counsel system) consists of softw ar that operates databases, providing storage, inlet, certificate department, rest period and early(a) facilities. This system bath be categorized according to the database lesson and the type of computer that they support very much(prenominal) as a server cluster or a mobile ph wiz, the interrogate language(s) that access code the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum outperform or maximum speed or others. Some database management system multiply much than one entry in these categories, e.g., supporting multiple query languages. Mean trance database wanglement systems be normally accessed in a lymph node-server manner, where the database client and the server ar located on different machines (in a topical anesthetic atomic number 18a nedeucerk).Both systems deal with information management.File-establish formationFile-based systems were an early feat to computerize the manual filing system. File-based system is a collection of performance course of instructions that perform serve for the end-substance absubstance ab exploiters, such as updating, insertion, deletion adding new files to database etcetera Each program defines and manages its data.When a computer handlingr wants to store data electronically they moldiness do so by placing data in files. Files argon stored in particular(prenominal) lieus on the hard disk (directories). The drug exerciser quite a little create new files to come in data in, delete a file that transports data, rename the file, etc which is kn decl atomic numbe r 18 as file management a function provided by the Operating System (OS).Dis returns of traditional file based systemNo take aim of external storageProvides less protective cover.No need of a highly technical any(prenominal)one to handle the database. redundancy is much.Processing speed is high as comp ared to DBMSLess integrity. soaring multifactoriality in updating of database.Table 1.1.1Database Management SystemThe cash advance of the File-Based System (FBS) was the Database Management System (DBMS) which came up in the 60s.The Database Management System removed the trouble of manually locating data, and having to go by dint of it. The user could create a suitable social organization for the data beforehand, to place the information in the database that the DBMS is managing. thence, the physical organizing of files is through with(p) a carriage with and provides the user with a logical view of the data input.A database is a collection of interconnected information sto red in a database server these data provide be stored in the form of tables. The main(a) aim of database is to provide a government agency to store and retrieve database information fast and in an efficient manner.Advantages sway of data redundancyAlthough the database on gear up does not remove redundancy completely, it take fors the inwardness of redundancy in the database.Data consistencyBy removing or arrogant redundancy, the database approach reduces the try of inconsistencies occurring. It ensures all copies of the idea are kept consistent. much information from the corresponding amount of dataWith the amalgamation of the operated data, it is possible to do additional information for the same data.Sharing of dataDatabase belongs to the entire organization and privy be shared by all authorized users. assortment data integrityDatabase integrity provides the validity and consistency of stored data. Integrity is unremarkably expressed in terms of constraints, which ar e consistency rules that the database is not permitted to violate. ameliorate trade protectionProvides protection of data from unauthorized users. It bequeath require user names and passwords to identify user type and their access right in the operation including retrieval, insertion, updating and deletion.Enforcement of standardsThe integration of the database enforces the undeniable standards including data formats, naming conventions, keep standards, update procedures and access rules.Economy of scaleCost savings female genital organ be obtained by combining all organizations operational data into one database with applications to excogitate on one source of data.Balance of conflicting requirementsBy having a structural design in the database, the conflicts between users or departments can be resolved. Decisions will be based on the base use of resources for the organization as a whole quite a than for an individual person. amend data accessibility and responsivenessBy hav ing integration in the database approach, data accessing can cross departmental boundaries. This feature provides more functionality and better services to the users.Increased productivityThe database approach provides all the low-level file-handling habitudes. The provision of these functions go out the programmer to concentrate more on the specific functionality required by the users. The fourth-generation environment provided by the database can simplify the database application bourgeonment. ameliorate bread and hardlyterProvides data independence. As a interchange of data twist in the database will act the application program, it simplifies database application maintenance.Increased concurrencyDatabase can manage concurrent data access effectively. It ensures no interference between users that would not impart any loss of information or loss of integrity.Improved backing and reco actually servicesModern database management system provides facilities to denigrate the a mount of processing that can be muddled following a reverse by using the transaction approach.DisadvantagesComplexityA nasty parcel system. All users must be familiar with its functionality and take full advantage of it. Therefore, training for the administrators, designers and users is required.SizeUses a substantial amount of main warehousing as well as large amount of disk distance in order to make it obtain efficiently.Cost of DBMSA multi-user database management system may be very expensive. Even by and by the installation, in that respect is a high regular annual maintenance court on the software.Cost of conversionWhen moving from a file-base system to a database system, the company is required to take away additional expenses on hardware eruditeness and training represent.PerformanceAs the database approach is to cater for many applications rather than exclusively for a particular one, some applications may not run as fast as before. uplifteder impact of a fai lureIncreases the vulnerability of the system due to the centralization. As all users and applications reply on the database accessibility, the failure of any component can bring operations to a halt and affect the services to the customer seriously.The difference between TFS and DBMSBalajee B. (2005), There are enumerate of faceistics that differ from traditional file management system to database management system. In file system approach, each user implements the required files for a specific application to run. (Example in a sales department of an enterprise, one user will be maintaining the details of the number of sales force-out in that department and their grades. These details will be stored and maintained in a identify file. Another user will maintain the salary details of these sales personnel and the detailed salary report will be stored and maintained in a separate file. Although both of the users need the data of the salespersons, they will be having their detai ls in separate files and they need different programs to operate their files.) When such data is apart(p) in separate files, it is difficult to access data that should be unattached for both users. This will lead to wastage of space and redundancy or heel counter of data, which may lead to confusion, as sharing of data among versatile users is not possible and data inconsistency may occur. These files will not be having any inter-relationship among the data stored in these files. Therefore in traditional file processing every user will be defining their take constraints and implement the files according to their needs.In database approach, a single store of data is maintained that is defined once and then accessed by many users, as database belongs to the entire organization and can be shared by all authorized users. The essential characteristic of database approach is that the database system not barely contains data simply it contains complete definition or description of t he database structure and entertain. These definitions are stored in a system catalog, which contains the information intimately the structure and definitions of the database. The information stored in the catalog is called the metadata, it describes the primary database. Hence this approach will work on any type of database for example, insurance database, Airlines, banking database, Finance details, and endeavour information database. But in traditional file processing system the application is developed for a specific purpose and they will access specific database only. But the processing speed in TFS is high compared to DBMS.The other main characteristic of the database is that it will allow multiple users to access the database at the same time and sharing of data is possible. The database must overwhelm concurrency experience software to ensure that several users trying to update the same data at the same time, it should maintain in a controlled manner. In file system app roach many programmers will be creating files over a long period and various files defy different format, in various application languages, where duplication of data can occur.This redundancy in storing same data multiple times leads to higher costs and wastage of space. This may result in data inconsistency in the application this is because update is done to some of the files only and not all of the files. Moreover in database approach multiple views can be createdExternal view User/ use view,Conceptual view Logical view,Internal view Details about the structure of data and physical storage of information. visible horizon is a spare representation of information contained in one or more tables. View is withal called as Virtual table because view does not contain physically stored records and will not occupy any space.A multi-user database whose users adopt variety of applications must provide facilities for defining multiple views. In traditional file system, if any changes are made to the structure of the files it will affect all the programs. Therefore, changes to the structure of a file will require to change all programs that access the file and whereby data dependence will be lost. But in the case of database approach the structure of the database is stored separately in the system catalog from the access of the application programs. This property is kn throw as program-data independence.Database can also be used for continuous storage for program objects and data structures that resulted in object oriented database approach. Traditional systems suffered from impedance twin problem and difficulty in accessing the data, which is avoided in object oriented database system. Database can be used to represent complex relationships among data as well as to retrieve and update related data easily and efficiently. Hence DBMS does not automatically remove redundancies, but help to control redundancy.It is possible to define and enforce integrity constrai nts for the data stored in the database. The database also provides facilities for recovering hardware and software failures, as it has automatic and intelligent relief pitcher and recovery procedures. It reduces the application development time considerably when compared to the file system approach and availability of up-to-date information of all the users. It also provides security to the data stored in the database system and maintains integrity.A highly technical person will be required to handle the database, while for TFS, it is not so.File-based systems are very dependent upon the application programmer. Any required queries or reports pitch to be written by the application programmer. Normally, a fixed format query or report can only be socialise and no facility for ad-hoc queries if offered. DBMS has data independence. The way information is stored and the way information issued is independent of each other.File-based systems also give tremendous force on data processi ng staff, with users complaints on programs that are inadequate or inefficient in meeting their demands. Documentation may be contain and maintenance of the system is difficult. Provision for security, integrity and recovery capability is very limited. Whereas, DBMS has control over security as it provides tools such as use of User Code, Password / Privileges and Roles to ensure security of data.Data, stadium, Record, and File are the main components of Database environment. Briefly explain those.DataWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), Distinct valet de chambres of information usually formatted in a special way. All software is divided into two general categories data and programs. Programs are collections of instructions for manipulating data. Data can make it in a variety of forms as numbers or school text on pieces of paper, as bits and bytes stored in electronic memory, or as facts stored in a persons mind. Strictly speaking, data is the plural of datum, a single piece of information . In practice, however, people use data as both the shady and plural form of the word. The term data is often used to branch binary machine-readable information from textual human-readable information. For example, some applications make a greenback between data files (files that contain binary data) and text files (files that contain ASCII data). In database management systems, data files are the files that store the database information, whereas other files, such as index files and data dictionaries, store administrative information, kn admit as metadata.FieldWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), A space allocated for a particular item of information. A assess form, for example, contains a number of palm one for your name, one for your Social security number, one for your income, and so on. In database systems, field are the smallest units of information you can access. In spreadsheets, fields are called cells.Most fields have accredited attributes associated with them. For example, som e fields are numeric whereas others are textual some are long, while others are short. In addition, every field has a name, called the field name.In database management systems, a field can be required, optional, or reckon. A required field is one in which you must enter data, while an optional field is one you may leave of absence blank. A calculated field is one whose value is derived from some facial expression involving other fields. You do not enter data into a calculated field the system automatically determines the correct value.A collection of fields is called a record.RecordWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), In database management systems, a complete train of information. Records are constitute of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields a name field, an address field, and a border number field. In relational database management systems, records are call ed tuples. Some programme languages allow you to define a special data structure called a record. Generally, a record is a combination of other data objects. For example, a record might contain three integers, a floating-point number, and a character string. In database management systems, a complete set of information. Records are composed of fields, each of which contains one item of information. A set of records constitutes a file. For example, a personnel file might contain records that have three fields a name field, an address field, and a phone number field. common fig 1.2.1Source Author Anon.,FileWebopedia (Anon., n.d.), A collection of data or information that has a name, called the filename. Almost all information stored in a computer must be in a file. There are many different types of files data files, text files, program files, directory files, and so on. antithetical types of files store different types of information. For example, program files store programs, where as text files store text.What is the importance of DBMS in a Defense Organization and in an reproduction Department? self-renunciation OrganizationBenjamin (n.d.), A Database Management System (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the database with computers of an organization and its end users. It allows organizations to place control of organization-wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other specialists.As organizations develop with time, their adoption to the latest technologies in the computer field becomes a necessity. A Defence organization is no different. In these turbulent times, when national security is more important, providing all Defence personnel with access to the latest applied science and education opportunities not only directly contributes to Defence capability but also improve the defence personnels career development.Hence the importance of a DBMS in such an organi zation analogous Defence is vital. Because Database administrators could use this system to configure and operate databases as the software provides high level, inner(a) database access. But the management should restrict use of this software to authorized personnel. wizard function of the database administrator is to create particular views of information stored in the database that are unique for each type of user. For example, one officer will have a different view of information in the database than another, say senior officer. The different user groups will also have different abilities to add, modify, or delete information. The database administrator is responsible for providing users with access to the appropriate level of information. The primary risk associated with database administration is that an administrator can alter sensitive data without those modifications being detected.A secondary risk is that an administrator can change access rights to information stored w ithin the database as well as their own access rights.Database security is the last line of defence. So it deserves great nidus on the protection of private data from both internal and external.The esthesia and distinguishification of the information stored in the database form the basis for establishing controls. A database that stores undercover information may require a more significant control environment than a database that stores non-sensitive information. Management should consider the security and performance implications of the security options addressable with modern database management systems.Database security professionals and information security and risk management professionals could adopt a security strategy in DBMS to1) Align database security policies with information security policies2) Ensure well-defined and declare database security procedures3) Enforce role separation and4) Apply advanced security measures such as database auditing, monitoring, databa se encryption, data masking, and vulnerability assessment to all lively databases that store private data.The DBMS can provide long-term benefits for the Defence organization reducing duplication of data and making it easier for HR to update personnel records. If not for DBMS, each time there was a personnel change, trainers would have to go through their entire capacitance to make the necessary changes. Now, replacing Brigadier Xs turn in in the content library with Commodore Ys picture can be automatically replicated through all relevant programs. thereby reduce its expenditure on storage. But, initial training will be required for all programmers and users. Even though database systems are complex, difficult, and time-consuming to design, there is greater data integrity and independence from applications programs andEducation Department action Bushell (2004), To improve teaching and schooling with the help of modern information and colloquy technology eLearning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of assimilators. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results.E- friendship comprises all forms of electronically back up learning and teaching. The Information and communication systems, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning process.E-learning services have evolved since computers were first used in education. There is a trend to move towards blend learning services, where computer-based activities are integrated with practical or classroom-based situations.E-learning is essentially the computer and network-enabled transfer of skills and knowledge. E-learning applications and processes include Web-based learning, computer-based learning, realistic classroom opportunities and digital collaboration. Content is delivered via the Internet, intranet/extranet, audio or painting tape, satellite TV, and CD-ROM. It can be self-paced or instructor-led and includes media in the form of tex t, image, animation, float video and audioThe definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it involves electronic convey of communication, education, and training.Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and standardized any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs hundred% online.As per wikipedia.org, the worldwide e-learning industry is estimated to be worth over $48 billion US according to conservative estimates. Developments in internet and multimedia technologies are the basic enabler of e-learning, with consulting, content, technologies, services and support being identified as the five key heavenss of the e-learning industry.E-learning is naturally suited to distance learning and conciliative learning, but can also be used in coupling with face-to-face teaching, in which case the term Blended learning is ordinarily used. E-Learning pioneer Bernard Luskin argues that the E must be understood to have unsubtle meaning if e-learning is to be effective. Luskin says that the e should be interpreted to mean exciting, ener lay downic, enthusiastic, emotional, extended, excellent, and educational in addition to electronic that is a traditional national explanation. This broader interpretation allows for 21st century applications and brings learning and media psychology into the equation.E-Learning can also call to educational web sites such as those offering learning scenarios, worksheets and interactive exercises for children. The term is also used extensively in the business sector where it generally refers to cost-effective online trainingThere are many advan tages to online and computer-based learning when compared to traditional face-to-face courses and lectures. There are a few disadvantages as well.Advantages of eLearning(Anon., n.d) E-learning is beneficial to education, corporations and to all types of scholarly persons. It is affordable, saves time, and produces measurable results.Cost effectiveE-learning is more cost effective than traditional learning because less time and money is spend traveling. Since e-learning can be done in any geographic location and there are no travel expenses, this type of learning is much less costly than doing learning at a traditional institute. tractablenessFlexibility is a major benefit of e-learning. E-learning has the advantage of taking class anytime anywhere. Education is available when and where it is needed. E-learning can be done at the office, at home, on the road, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week.Learners like e-learning because it accommodates different types of learning styles. They have the advantage of learning at their own pace. Students can also learn through a variety of activities that grant to many different learning styles. Learners can fit e-learning into their busy schedule. If they expect a job, they can participate in eLearning right at their desk. If the learner needs to do the learning at night, then this option is available while in their pyjamas and do the learning if they desire.Personalized learningE-learning encourages students to see through information by using hyperlinks and sites on the worldwide Web. Learners are able to find information relevant to their personal situations and interest. E-learning allows selection of learning materials that meet their level of knowledge, interest and what they need to know to perform more effectively in an activity.E-learning is more focused on the learner and it is more interesting for the learner because it is information that they want to learn. E-learning is flexible and can be customized t o meet the individual needs of the learners.Develops knowledgeE-learning helps develop knowledge of the Internet. This knowledge will help learners throughout their careers. E-learning encourages students to take personal responsibility for their own learning. When learners succeed, it builds self-knowledge and self-confidenceDisadvantages of eLearningAccessOne disadvantage of eLearning is that learners need to have access to a computer as well as the Internet. They also need to have computer skills with programs such as word processing, Internet browsers, and e-mail. Without these skills and software it is not possible for the learner to succeed in eLearning.E-learners need to be very comfortable using a computer. Slow Internet connections or older computers may make accessing course materials difficult. This may cause the learners to get frustrated and give up.Software and filesAnother disadvantage of e-learning is managing computer files, software comfortability and learning new software, including e-learning. For learners with beginner-level computer skills it can sometimes seem complex to keep their computer files organized. The lesson points you to download a file which the learner does and subsequently cannot find the file. The file is downloaded to the folder the computer automatically opens to rather than a folder chosen by the learner. This file may be lost or misplaced to the learner without good computer organizational skills.High motivationE-learning also requires time to complete especially those with assignments and interactive collaborations. This means that students have to be highly motivated and responsible because all the work they do is on their own. Learners with low motivation or bad exact habits may not complete modules and may fall behind isolationAnother disadvantage of e-learning is that students may feel isolated and unsupported while learning. Instructions are not always available to help the learner so learners need to have disc ipline to work independently without assistance. E-learners may also become bored with no interaction with instructors or classmates.Without the routine structures of a traditional class, students may get lost or wooly-minded about course activities and deadlines. Instructor may not always be available when students are studying or need help resultantToday many technologies can be, and are, used in e-learning, from blogs to collaborative software, E-Portfolios, and virtual classrooms. Most e-learning situations use combinations of these techniques.Even though the hardware and software start-up are costly, the advantages are reduced data redundancy, reducing updating errors and increased consistency, greater data integrity and independence from applications programs, improved data access to users through use of host and query languages, improved data security and availability of facilitated development of new application programs and ability for intensive research are the benefits o f DBMS.Task 2Draw an Entity Relationship Data Model which describes the content and structure of the data held by the Medi period Hospital.Produce the resulting tables of above Medi Check Hospital and clearly indicating the primary and foreign keys.Data TablesDoctorDoctorID (primary)LnameFname tradePhonePagerSpecialtyLocationAvailabilityPatientPatientNo (primary)PatientFirstNamePatientLastNamePatientAddressPatientTelNoPatientDobPatientMarital positioningPatientDateRegistered participationAppointmentNo (primary)PatientNameDate/TimePatientTelNoSymptomSymptomCode (primary),SymptomNameDescriptionTreatmentTreatmentTitle (primary)TreatmentTypeDurationStatusTreatmentCostMedicationMedicationNo (primary)MedicationTypeSideEffectDosageFrequencySeverityMedicationBrandNameMedicationManufactureNameMedicationManufactureAddressMedicationManufactureTelNormalize these tables to ensure that are all in BCNF. Show the steps you have taken in normalizing the tables.UNFMedication (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty, Location,Availability, PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName,PatientAddress, PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus,PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientName, Date/Time,PatientTelNo, SymptomCode, SymptomName, Description,TreatmentTitle, TreatmentType, Duration, Status, TreatmentCost,MedicationNo, MedicationType, SideEffect, Dosage, Frequency,Severity, MedicationBrandName, MedicationManufactureName,MedicationManufactureAddress, MedicationManufactureTel)1NFDoctor Details (DoctorID, Lname, Fname, Address, Phone, Pager, Specialty,Location, Availability)Patient Details (PatientNo, PatientFirstName, PatientLastName, PatientAddress,PatientTelNo, PatientDob, PatientMaritalStatus,PatientDateRegistered, AppoinmentNo, PatientN

Friday, March 29, 2019

Origin And Applications Of Formwork Construction Essay

Origin And Applications Of Formwork social coordinate EssayFormwork is the term given to either temporary or fixed moulds into which c everyplace or similar materials ar poured. In the context of coer construction, the false work co-occurrences the shuttering moulds. Most of the buildings which ar subscribe to to stand for a long time argon made of cover and mortar. These building materials are strongest and approximately suitable that at the same time they are a bit tedious to deal with. They do non conduct the desired spirt and need help of approximately sort of support or all frame which female genital organ be detached as the concrete solidifies. Actu all toldy concrete is a material without any shape. For well-nigh applications the shape matters, and concrete has to be molded or formed.ORIGIN cover has been in use for the thousands of years. The dome of Pantheon in Rome is made of lightweight concrete, and the under face displays the moulding effect of fo rmwork employ deuce millennia ago. further it was barely at the end of nineteenth century that the use of concrete became common, with the invention of beef up concrete. Some of the earliest examples of concrete slabs were construct by roman engineers. Because concrete is quite strong in resisting compressive loads, precisely has comparatively poor Tensile effect, these primal structures consisted of arches, vaults and domes. To mold these structures, temporary scaffolding and formwork built in the future shape of the structure. These building techniques were not isolated to move concrete, however were and are widely use in Masonry. Because of the complexity and the curb production capacity of the building material, concretes rise as a prefer building material did not occur until the invention of Portland cement and reinforced concrete.Pantheon DomeSIGNIFICANCEThe construction industry forms the largest single sector in any economy. In the USA for example the constructi on sector is answerable for 14% of the GDP (US National Statistics Bureau). Formwork is the single largest cost component of concrete buildings structural frame. The cost of formwork exceeds the cost of concrete or mark and in virtually situations the formwork costs more than the concrete and steel combined. For some structures, placing priority on the formwork forge for a project posterior reduce the add frame cost by as oft as 25%. This saving includes two direct and indirect costs. Formwork efficiencies accelerate the construction schedule, which locoweed result in reduced interest costs during construction and early occupancy for the structure. Other benefits of formwork efficiency include increased job order productivity, improved safety, and reduced potential for error.Concrete is a material without shape. For most applications the shape maters and the concrete has to be molded or formed. Formwork is one of the constitutive(a) parts of construction industry. This is the basic of any architectural structures on which the entire building is made. The formwork is basically utilize to hold the wholly structure until the whole building is capable to stand on its own. Even we use some solid iron rods in buildings entirely the concrete need some time to bind with that for a firm structure to stand as and in the desired shape.CLASSIFICATION OF FORMWORKSUnder this section of the study we ordain get in depth of four aspects of each and every image of the form work. These four aspects would beAnalysis of various components of formwork.Safety aspects of formwork. de gorance aspects of formwork.Selection process of the material of formwork.The formworks are broadly divided in four categories based on the material, of which it is made. This categorization is as followsTimber Formwork. alloy Formwork.Plastic Formwork.Fiber Formwork. tone of voice FORMWORKThis is the oldest kind and most basic formwork utilize in the construction industry. Its moisture resistant property makes it utilizable in this industry. Though it is easy to manuf doingure the timber formwork but it is time overpowering when formwork is to be prepared for big structures. It is relatively cheap and easy to shape as required. It is relatively light in weight for handling, but it is of expressage durability.ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTSSh decimatehing is supported by swimming members called joists or runners. Joists are made from dimension lumber spaced at unceasing intervals that are a function of applied loads and type of lumber. It is a recommended practice to round down the calculated joist spacing to the lower model value. Joists are supported by another set of horizontal members upright to the joists, called stringers. The stringers are supported by the vertical members called shorings. In all timberland conventional formwork i.e. 4 4 in. or 6 6 in.. Shores are rest on heavy timbers called mudsills, to transfer the vertical loads to ground. In c ase where a slab on grade exits, shores are directly rested on them. Once the bottom of the send is constructed and leveled, one spot of the beam is erected first with the holes drilled in it for installing the tie roads. Tie rods are steel rods that hold the two sides of beam unitedly. After the first side of beam form is erected, the reinforcement is placed inside the beam and and so the other side of the beam is erected. Tie rods are therefore inserted into all holes on both side of the beam. The tie rods function is to resist horizontal pressure resulting from the freshly put concrete and thus keep the sides of the beams in their proper location.SAFETY ASPECTS FOR TIMBER FORMWORKThough Timber formwork is the basic formwork but it has some drawbacks relating to the safety which prove to be harmful for the structure to be build and the laborers. The following safety aspects mustiness be considered art object transaction with the Timber Formwork. cautiousness should be taken in presence of moisture The biggest disadvantage of Timber Formwork is that the timber get softens when it is wet. If the moist is too much because timber soften up to a extent that it can be poked with the help of lift up tip. Though dry timber is wakeless nice to bear the stress developed by concrete but it is not the same when it get wet. When timber comes in contact with moisture, the timberland spirit molecules get activated and are responsible for weak intermolecular draw together and thus softening. This problem is commonly known as Wet Rot.Care should be taken in presence of mini organisms and micro organisms Biggest threats to any wooden structure and article are Termite and Fungus. Both of these organisms live on almost every type of wood as leech and cause damage to huge quantity of wood. As far as Timber formwork is considered the damage occurs mainly in damp and dark regions of storage. Termites eat the wood from the inner side making it hollow and weak within. The wood thus left over(p) is so weak that it can be crushed with bare hands. The damage caused by fungus is known as Dry Rot. dry rot fungus is often thought of as a building cancer, rampaging through buildings and promptly destroying any timber in its path. The fungus, which thrives in moist unventilated conditions, leave tush penetrate brickwork to get to more timber and can cause widespread destruction of structural timbers, skirting bills and door frames, and wood flooring. In short, the fungus can be thought of as living in masonry and eating wood, and because the fungus thrives in damp, unventilated conditions, it can occur in the areas of a property that are not often seen, such as floor voids, or behind timber display paneling, so damage whitethorn be extensive sooner the attack is discover.Fire Safety We already know that wood is combustible and porn to fire if considerable precautions are not taken in particular for those constructions puts which are near by to a gas station or any such location. Fires on construction come outs assume, for many years, been know as a serious problem for construction companies and insurers, but less of a public safety issue since there are relatively few fire deaths in such incidents. However, the trend for ever-taller buildings, particularly in the disjunction and Far East, has resulted in a number of significant fires during construction which fork up caused deaths and show the difficulties facing fire brigades when tackling such incidents. On some(prenominal) occasions, helicopters devote had to be used for fire suppression and rescue. Insurers have long had concerns close the potential for loss on tall building projects, and these fires have demonstrated that their concerns are well founded.Causes can involve electrical attempts, hot work, smoking, deoxyephedrine burning, overheating equipment and escapes of gases or flammable liquids all of which are well recognized and should be amenable to normal fire safety measures.DIFFERENT TYPES OF TIMBER FORMWORKPlywood plywood has some strength in both directions, but because the outer veneers give greater strength in the direction of their grain, the tatter should always span that way. Plywood is a few millimeters thick used as lining material, which is fully supported from behind. With thickness of 12-19 mm the strength of plywood itself can be used, and the framing members spaced out the economical distances. There are three main types of poly woodFinnish weltAmerican SoftwoodTropical HardwoodSheets are normally 8ft by 4ft take away for Finnish Birch, the outer grain runs in the length of the board. The first two types are produced to appropriate national standards. Hardwood ply comes from a variety of tropic countries so obtaining reliable data about them is difficult. turn away board chevron of timber are made into a panel with veneers on both sides. The glue should be of postgraduate quality else the surface may not be flat enough as the stripes tend to show through. Block board is made up of a marrow squash of trade strips. These strips may be up to about 25mm wide. The strips are placed environ to edge and sandwiched amidst veneers of hardwood. The sandwich is thus glued under in high spirits pressure. Block board is not suitable for outdoor use because the glues used are interior glues. It is important to ensure that the core runs lengthways in order to achieve maximum strength. The core can be get together by hands or by machine. There are only few small core gaps or even no core gaps in machine-made core. But core gaps are common in man-made cores. Machine-made core is much better than man-made core. Block board is sold in sheets of 2440 x 1220mm and are normally 30mm thick. Screws and nails may be used to attach block board but you have to ensure that you make contact with the strips of trade and not the gaps between the softwood strips.Chipboard Small chippings are pressed i nto sheets. As with all boards depending significantly on plastic as the matrix, the stiffness is poor, and a greater thickness than plywood is frequently needed. It is heavier than plywood but give better finish. Gluing together wood particles with an adhesive, under heat and pressure makes chipboard. This creates a rigid board with a relatively smooth surface. Chipboard is available in a number of densities -normal, medium and high-density.METAL FORMWORKThis kind of Formwork is the most suitable formwork for high rise buildings. This system is eco friendly and proves to be more economical on long run due to good durability. In the conventional coat system, joists and stringers are made of aluminium or steel supported by scaffold-type atomic number 13 or steel shoring. In todays construction practices, joists and stringers are made of aluminum and are supported by scaffold-type movable shoring system. This formwork is built out of prefabricated modules with a metal frame (usual ly steel or aluminum) and covered on the application side with material having the wanted surface structure (steel, aluminum, timber, etc.).ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTSIn this system, steel joists and stringers have the advantage of musical accompaniment greater spans and fewer joists and stringers. The main problem with utilise steel as joists and stringers for forming concrete slabs is their heavy weight, which makes it difficult for one person to handle. A standard steel W-section is used because its wide flange makes it easy to connect stringers with shore legs. A composite action open- wage steel joist, supporting beams and girders, and reinforced concrete slab inter community. Upper top portions of the steel joist webbing protrude through the f number chord members of the joist and through apertures provided in the sheet metal formwork placed over such joists prior to the pouring of the concrete slab. The improvement relates to a nonstop round rod secured near the apex of each projecting web member parallel to the longitudinal axis of the joist and a reinforcing wire mesh arrange between said rods, thus permitting greater spacing between said joists, whereby said protruding apex portions, said rods and said draped wire mesh will be encased within the slab to act as shear interconnection and reinforcement thingamabobs therein, to secure the joist and formwork together, to enhance the lockup of the concrete slab to the protruding joist apex portions, and to the supporting beams through the joist end connection welded to the beam or girder, and to reinforce said concrete slab. This improvement makes nonmandatory the use of wedge members forced between such protruding joist apex portions.SAFETY ASPECTS OF METAL FORMWORKThough there is no need fuss for any fungal or organic decay to the metal formwork but still there are same issues which must be paid attention to, relating to corrosion and careless handling. Now lets discuss these issues one by one.Corrosion the corrosion problem may occur to any formwork if it is not maintained in proper way. Any part of formwork may be corroded due to direct contact with moisture. This direct contact is either because of lack of proper oiling techniques or due to standing water. If even an edge or even a centimeter is left out of oiling then it proves to be dangerous for the formwork. Many times it happens that water is leaked out and left standing. This tends to corrode the dipped part of formwork. Rusting of formwork also leave stains over the concrete unit. These stains if thick, crystallize later and pose a threat to plater layer.Mishandling while assembling There have been several cases causing accidents of laborers at the site due to mishandling of the formwork. These accidents occur while lifting, if the load is not properly tied(p) or hydraulic jack is not applied properly. Other cerebrate responsible for on site accidents is loose screws and bolts which lead to collapsing of the erected formwork.Electricity If the site location is nearby any sort of electric network then the metal formwork should be handled with utmost care. A safe distance should be maintained and if possible any such network or device should be avoided in nearby vicinity of the site.DIFFERENT TYPES OF METAL FORMWORKExtruded aluminum Joist The first component of the conventional metal system is the aluminum joist. The extruded aluminum joist takes the shape of a modified beam with a formed route in the top flange in which a wood nail strip 2 by 3 in. is inserted. Tha plywood deck is then nailed to the nail strip.Aluminum Beams (Stringers)The purpose of stringers is to transfer the loads of the surface panel to scaffold. Extruded aluminum joists can also be used as stringers unless the dispatch is too excessive, in fact it is good practice to avoid using a mixture different beam types. Aluminum beams are commercially available for the lengths ranging from 4 to 30 ft.Aluminum Scaffold ing Shoring The aluminum scaffolding shoring system has been available for several years as a substitute for the steel scaffolding shoring system. The system consists of several frames connected together by cross bracing. Aluminum shoring is visible light and has load carrying capacity equal to or greater than steel shoring. consignment carrying capacity of aluminum shoring can reach up to 36,000 lb. figure of speech 10 Aluminum Scaffolding ShoringPost share A Post Shore is a single member made of steel or aluminum and support stringers. Post shores can be used to replace, or in combination with, scaffold shoring. Post shores can also be used re-shoring after striping of formwork elements.ECONOMY OF FORMWORKThe concrete subcontractor must achieve 3 goals in his formwork workmanshipQuality formwork must be designed and built so that the resulting cast concrete attains the desired size, shape, nonplus and finish.Safety formwork must be designed built strong enough to support all dead and live loads without blowouts, collapse, danger to workers, and risk of damage to the structure.Economy formwork must be designed, built and re-used in an trend to save time and money for the general contractor and the owner.Now as far as the economical aspect of formwork is concerned let me make you aware of the fact that formwork share a considerable site budget. If we design the formwork intelligently and plan its use, then we can save a forget me drug of money. As metal formwork is more durable and reusable as compared to the wooden formwork, it should be used. There are several advantages which make metal formwork a better option.